Table 2 Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors by Smoking Status in Male South East Asian Migrants (N = 1375)
CVD Risk Factors | Total N (%) | Cigarette Smoking | p-value | Smokeless Tobacco Use | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No n (%) | Yes n (%) | No n (%) | Yes n (%) | ||||
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) - mean (±SD) | 130.9 (±17.2) | 128.2 (±15.8) | 132.1 (±17.6) | 0.01 | 131.0 (±17.3) | 130.6 (±16.0) | 0.78 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) - mean (±SD) | 78.3 (±12.4) | 77.1 (±12.0) | 78.8 (±12.5) | 0.02 | 78.1 (±12.4) | 79.5 (±12.6) | 0.21 |
Blood Pressure | |||||||
Normal | 972 (71) | 677 (71) | 280 (29) | 0.09 | 827 (89) | 102 (11) | 0.41 |
Grade 1 | 297 (21) | 215 (73) | 78 (27) | 245 (88) | 35 (12) | ||
Grade 2 | 80 (6) | 66 (82) | 14 (18) | 67 (85) | 12 (15) | ||
Grade 3 | 26 (2) | 21 (81) | 5 (19) | 23 (96) | 4 (4) | ||
Hypertension | |||||||
No | 956 (73) | 662 (70) | 279 (30) | 0.02 | 816 (89) | 97 (11) | 0.16 |
Yes | 419 (27) | 317 (76) | 98 (24) | 346 (87) | 53 (13) | ||
Diabetes Mellitus | |||||||
No | 1261 (92) | 892 (72) | 352 (28) | 0.18 | 1071 (89) | 135 (11) | 0.36 |
Yes | 114 (8) | 87 (78) | 25 (22) | 91 (86) | 15 (14) | ||
High cholesterol | |||||||
No | 1257 (95) | 909 (72) | 348 (28) | 0.66 | 1078 (86) | 140 (14) | 0.67 |
Yes | 94 (5) | 66 (70) | 28 (30) | 81 (86) | 9 (14) | ||
Body mass index (kg/m2) - mean (±SD) | 25 (4) | 25 (4) | 24 (5) | 0.68 | 25 (5) | 24 (4) | 0.53 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | |||||||
≤ 24.99 | 531 (39) | 366 (70) | 154 (30) | 0.23 | 448 (88) | 58 (12) | 0.78 |
25–29.99 | 539 (39) | 398 (75) | 134 (25) | 459 (89) | 56 (11) | ||
≥ 30.0 | 302 (22) | 213 (71) | 88 (29) | 252 (87) | 36 (13) | ||
Waist circumference (cm) - mean (±SD) | 89 (11) | 89 (11) | 88 (11) | 0.29 | 89 (12) | 89 (13) | 0.91 |
Abdominal obesity | |||||||
No | 503 (37) | 354 (72) | 140 (28) | 0.74 | 427 (89) | 53 (11) | 0.73 |
Yes | 872 (63) | 625 (73) | 237 (27) | 735 (88) | 97 (12) | ||
Moderate exercise | |||||||
No | 1006 (75) | 735 (74) | 263 (26) | 0.08 | 862 (89) | 103 (11) | 0.78 |
1–4 days per week | 73 (5) | 49 (69) | 22 (31) | 59 (89) | 7 (11) | ||
≥ 5 days per week | 269 (20) | 177 (67) | 87 (33) | 226 (87) | 34 (13) | ||
Alcohol consumption | |||||||
No | 1236 (9.6) | 906 (74.3) | 313 (25.7) | < 0.01 | 1051 (89.3) | 126 (10.7) | 0.02 |
1–3 days per week | 44 (3.2 | 19 (43.2) | 25 (56.8) | 35 (79.5) | 9 (20.5) | ||
≥ 4 days per week | 85 (6.2) | 47 (55.9) | 37 (44.1) | 67 (81.7) | 15 (18.3) | ||
Cardiovascular disease risk factor cluster | |||||||
No risk factors | 697 (69.8) | 494 (69.9) | 203 (69.8) | 605 (70.6) | 76 (67.9) | ||
1 CVD risk factor | 178 (17.8) | 118 (16.7) | 60 (20.6) | 0.31 | 154 (17.0) | 17 (15.2) | 0.35 |
2 CVD risk factors | 104 (10.4) | 79 (11.2) | 25 (8.6) | 82 (9.6) | 17 (15.2) | ||
3+ CVD risk factors | 19 (1.9) | 16 (2.3) | 3 (1.0) | 16 (1.9) | 2 (1.8) | ||