Table 3 A multivariable multilevel analysis of factors associated with anemia among lactating mothers in Ethiopia, 2016
| Variables | Model I |
Model II AOR (95%CI) |
Model III AOR (95%CI) |
Model IV AOR (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal education | ||||
| No formal education | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Primary education | 0.96(0.79–1.17) | 1.00(0.82–1.22) | ||
| Secondary education | 1.07(0.76–1.52) | 1.14(0.80–1.63) | ||
| Higher education | 1.41(0.85–2.35) | 1.51(0.90–2.52) | ||
| Maternal occupation | ||||
| Working | 0.76(0.63–0.91) | 0.77(0.64–0.92) ** | ||
| Not working | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Wealth status | ||||
| Poorest | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Poorer | 0.71(0.57–0.89) | 0.77(0.61–0.98) * | ||
| Middle | 0.64(0.50–0.83) | 0.74(0.56–0.97) * | ||
| Rich | 0.53(0.40–0.70) | 0.64(0.46–0.85) * | ||
| Richest | 0.52(0.37–0.74) | 0.66(0.43–0.98) * | ||
| Sex of household head | ||||
| Female | 1.23(1.02–1.50) | 1.22(1.01–1.49) * | ||
| Male | 1.00 | |||
| Maternal BMI | ||||
| 18.5–24.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| < 18.5 | 1.2(1.00–1.43) | 1.78(0.99–1.41) | ||
| ≥ 25 | 0.84(0.61–1.15) | 0.82(0.60–1.13) | ||
| Perception of distance from the health facility | ||||
| Big problem | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Not big problem | 0.97(0.82–1.15) | 1.00(0.84–1.18) | ||
| Media exposure | ||||
| Yes | 0.91(0.75–1.11) | 0.92(0.75–1.14) | ||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Source of drinking water | ||||
| Pipe | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Other improved | 1.18(0.93–1.50) | 1.18(.93–1.51) | ||
| Not improved | 1.14(0.90–1.45) | 1.13(0.89–1.45) | ||
| Type of toilet facility | ||||
| Improved | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Not improved | 0.80(0.61–1.04) | 0.82(0.62–1.07) | ||
| Place of delivery | ||||
| Home | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Health facility | 0.93(0.76–1.14) | 0.96(0.78–1.18) | ||
| Delivery by CS | ||||
| Yes | 0.81(0.49–1.34) | 0.81(0.49–1.34) | ||
| No | 1.00 | |||
| History of a terminated pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 0.76(0.57–1.02) | 0.76(0.57–1.02) | ||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| ANC visit | ||||
| No visit | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| one-three | 1.05(0.85–1.30) | 1.06(0.86–1.32) | ||
| four and above | 0.97(0.77–1.23) | 0.99(0.78–1.25) | ||
| Iron supplementation during pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 0.81(0.68–0.97) | 0.82(0.68–0.98) * | ||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Current modern contraceptive use | ||||
| Yes | 0.69(0.56–0.84) | 0.71(0.58–0 .87) *** | ||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Duration of breastfeeding | ||||
| ≤ 12 months | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 13 to 36 | 0.88(0.74–1.05) | 0.89(0.74–1.06) | ||
| 37 and above | 0.89(0.70–1.12) | 0.90(0.71–1.14) | ||
| Births in the five years | ||||
| One | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Two | 1.29(1.06–1.57) | 1.27(1.04–1.55) * | ||
| Three to four | 1.59(1.19–2.14) | 1.53(1.14–2.06) ** | ||
| Parity | ||||
| Primiparous | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Multiparous | 1.07(0.83–1.37) | 1.08(0.84–1.39) | ||
| Grand multiparous | 1.21(0.92–1.60) | 1.23(0.94–1.62) | ||
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Rural | 1.38(0.99–1.91) | 1.13(0.75–1.72) | ||
| Community media exposure | ||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| High | 0.91(0.73–1.13) | 0.96(0.77–1.20) | ||
| Community illiteracy level | ||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| High | 1.60(1.26–2.04) | 1.34(1.06–1.70) * | ||
| Community poverty level | ||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| High | 1.65(1.28–2.12) | 1.15(0.88–1.51) | ||