Table 3 A multivariable multilevel analysis of factors associated with anemia among lactating mothers in Ethiopia, 2016
Variables | Model I | Model II AOR (95%CI) | Model III AOR (95%CI) | Model IV AOR (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal education | ||||
 No formal education |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
 Primary education |  | 0.96(0.79–1.17) |  | 1.00(0.82–1.22) |
 Secondary education |  | 1.07(0.76–1.52) |  | 1.14(0.80–1.63) |
 Higher education |  | 1.41(0.85–2.35) |  | 1.51(0.90–2.52) |
Maternal occupation | ||||
 Working |  | 0.76(0.63–0.91) |  | 0.77(0.64–0.92) ** |
 Not working |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
Wealth status | ||||
 Poorest |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
 Poorer |  | 0.71(0.57–0.89) |  | 0.77(0.61–0.98) * |
 Middle |  | 0.64(0.50–0.83) |  | 0.74(0.56–0.97) * |
 Rich |  | 0.53(0.40–0.70) |  | 0.64(0.46–0.85) * |
 Richest |  | 0.52(0.37–0.74) |  | 0.66(0.43–0.98) * |
Sex of household head | ||||
 Female |  | 1.23(1.02–1.50) |  | 1.22(1.01–1.49) * |
 Male |  | 1.00 |  |  |
Maternal BMI | ||||
 18.5–24.99 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
  < 18.5 |  | 1.2(1.00–1.43) |  | 1.78(0.99–1.41) |
  ≥ 25 |  | 0.84(0.61–1.15) |  | 0.82(0.60–1.13) |
Perception of distance from the health facility | ||||
 Big problem |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
 Not big problem |  | 0.97(0.82–1.15) |  | 1.00(0.84–1.18) |
Media exposure | ||||
 Yes |  | 0.91(0.75–1.11) |  | 0.92(0.75–1.14) |
 No |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
Source of drinking water | ||||
 Pipe |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
 Other improved |  | 1.18(0.93–1.50) |  | 1.18(.93–1.51) |
 Not improved |  | 1.14(0.90–1.45) |  | 1.13(0.89–1.45) |
Type of toilet facility | ||||
 Improved |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
 Not improved |  | 0.80(0.61–1.04) |  | 0.82(0.62–1.07) |
Place of delivery | ||||
 Home |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
 Health facility |  | 0.93(0.76–1.14) |  | 0.96(0.78–1.18) |
Delivery by CS | ||||
 Yes |  | 0.81(0.49–1.34) |  | 0.81(0.49–1.34) |
 No |  | 1.00 |  |  |
History of a terminated pregnancy | ||||
 Yes |  | 0.76(0.57–1.02) |  | 0.76(0.57–1.02) |
 No |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
ANC visit | ||||
 No visit |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
 one-three |  | 1.05(0.85–1.30) |  | 1.06(0.86–1.32) |
 four and above |  | 0.97(0.77–1.23) |  | 0.99(0.78–1.25) |
Iron supplementation during pregnancy | ||||
 Yes |  | 0.81(0.68–0.97) |  | 0.82(0.68–0.98) * |
 No |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
Current modern contraceptive use | ||||
 Yes |  | 0.69(0.56–0.84) |  | 0.71(0.58–0 .87) *** |
 No |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
Duration of breastfeeding | ||||
 ≤ 12 months |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
 13 to 36 |  | 0.88(0.74–1.05) |  | 0.89(0.74–1.06) |
 37 and above |  | 0.89(0.70–1.12) |  | 0.90(0.71–1.14) |
Births in the five years | ||||
 One |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
 Two |  | 1.29(1.06–1.57) |  | 1.27(1.04–1.55) * |
 Three to four |  | 1.59(1.19–2.14) |  | 1.53(1.14–2.06) ** |
Parity | ||||
 Primiparous |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
 Multiparous |  | 1.07(0.83–1.37) |  | 1.08(0.84–1.39) |
 Grand multiparous |  | 1.21(0.92–1.60) |  | 1.23(0.94–1.62) |
Residence | ||||
 Urban |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Rural |  |  | 1.38(0.99–1.91) | 1.13(0.75–1.72) |
Community media exposure | ||||
 Low |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 High |  |  | 0.91(0.73–1.13) | 0.96(0.77–1.20) |
Community illiteracy level | ||||
 Low |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 High |  |  | 1.60(1.26–2.04) | 1.34(1.06–1.70) * |
Community poverty level | ||||
 Low |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 High |  |  | 1.65(1.28–2.12) | 1.15(0.88–1.51) |