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Table 3 Adjusted odds (AOR) ratios and 95% confidence (CIs) intervals for the associations of the frequency of impairments in daily activity due to overuse of the internet, gaming, or smartphone with the study covariates using multivariate logistic regression analysis

From: The frequency of impairments in everyday activities due to the overuse of the internet, gaming, or smartphone, and its relationship to health-related quality of life in Korea

Parameter

Participants that had used the Internet, gaming, or smartphone at least once before (N = 190,066)

Mild Impairment groups (n = 13,628)

Moderate- to -severe Impairment groups (n = 8753)

AOR (95% CI)a

B (p-value)

AOR (95% CI)

B (p-value)

Sociodemographic factors

 Gender

  Male

1.317(1.278–1.357)

324.507 (< 0.001)

1.380(1.330–1.433)

285.678 (< 0.001)

  Female

1

 

1

 

 Age

  19–39

30.665(26.977–35.059)

5124.570 (<.0001)

15.436(13.745–17.410)

4474.538 (<.0001)

  40–64

6.115(5.370–7.004)

7.392 (0.0066)

2.827(2.508–3.200)

84.831 (<.0001)

  65 or older

1

 

1

 

 Education

  No formal or Elementary school

1

 

1

 

  Middle school

2.624(2.184–3.165)

198.499 (<.0001)

2.195(1.840–2.626)

101.196 (<.0001)

  High school

14.023(12.065–16.428)

1687.220 (<.0001)

8.267(7.178–9.582)

1199.201 (<.0001)

  College or higher

16.257(13.992–19.036)

2252.291 (<.0001)

7.848(6.815–9.094)

1070.911 (<.0001)

 Marital status

  Married and living with a spouse

1

 

1

 

  Divorced or separated or Widowed

0.391(0.358–0.426)

1438.133 (<.0001)

0.451(0.406–0.500)

871.255 (<.0001)

  Never been married

4.202(4.073–4.335)

5843.150 (<.0001)

4.423(4.256–4.597)

3987.608 (<.0001)

 Average monthly household income

  Lowest

1

 

1

 

  Low-middle

2.128(1.966–2.308)

11.728 (<.0001)

1.770(1.622–1.936)

26.005 (<.0001)

  Upper-middle

2.661(2.463–2.883)

374.574 (<.0001)

1.978(1.814–2.160)

143.679 (<.0001)

  Highest

2.931(2.711–3.176)

650.912 (<.0001)

1.950(1.786–2.132)

112.336 (<.0001)

 Occupation

  Manager, professional or administrator, clerk

2.453(2.302–2.616)

171.681 (<.0001)

1.715(1.590–1.852)

9.419 (0.0021)

  Service worker, salesperson

1.860(1.733–1.997)

26.883 (<.0001)

1.708(1.572–1.856)

6.836 (0.0089)

  Technician, mechanic or production worker, machine operator/assembly worker

1.625(1.508–1.751)

121.444 (<.0001)

1.302(1.190–1.425)

153.007 (<.0001)

  Skilled agricultural/forestry/fishery worker, unskilled worker, soldier

1

 

1

 

  Student

8.645(8.035–9.307)

4989.934 (<.0001)

7.579(6.960–8.259)

3564.683 (<.0001)

  Unemployed

1.155(1.079–1.237)

1152.451 (<.0001)

1.220(1.129–1.321)

414.351 (<.0001)

 Location of residence

  Rural (town, township)

1

 

1

 

  Urban (city)

1.507(1.442–1.575)

329.357 (<.0001)

1.242(1.180–1.309)

67.792 (<.0001)

 Smoking

  Non-smoker

1

 

1

 

  Past smoker

0.634(0.606–0.664)

408.154 (<.0001)

0.713(0.674–0.753)

235.488 (<.0001)

  Current smoker

1.034(0.996–1.072)

170.912 (<.0001)

1.209(1.157–1.264)

227.175 (<.0001)

 Alcohol during the last year

  Yes

2.347(2.224–2.456)

1367.392 (<.0001)

2.130(2.018–2.251)

735.752 (<.0001)

  No

1

 

1

 

Social relationships & activities

 Family contact (by meeting in person or calling

   ≤ 1 time per month

1

 

1

 

  2–4 times per month

0.834(0.803–0.865)

2.201 (0.1379)

0.704(0.671–0.738)

49.249 (<.0001)

  2–3 times per week

0.721(0.687–0.757)

52.659 (<.0001)

0.725(0.683–0.769)

17.419 (<.0001)

   ≥ 4 times per week

0.743(0.714–0.774)

45.191 (<.0001)

0.770(0.733–0.808)

2.670 (0.1022)

 Neighbor contact (by meeting in person or calling

   ≤ 1 time per month

1

 

1

 

  2–4 times per month

0.851(0.816–0.887)

281.895 (<.0001)

0.674(0.637–0.712)

9.269 (0.0023)

  2–3 times per week

0.569(0.539–0.601)

28.402 (<.0001)

0.525(0.489–0.563)

43.771 (<.0001)

   ≥ 4 times per week

0.342(0.324–0.361)

867.876 (<.0001)

0.442(0.416–0.469)

213.733 (<.0001)

 Friend contact (by meeting in personor calling)

   ≤ 1 time per month

1

 

1

 

  2–4 times per month

1.409(1.351–1.469)

0.783 (0.3761)

1.149(1.090–1.211)

62.563 (<.0001)

  2–3 times per week

1.618(1.546–1.693)

112.472 (<.0001)

1.447(1.368–1.530)

32.594 (<.0001)

   ≥ 4 times per week

1.653(1.585–1.725)

176.111 (<.0001)

1.756(1.670–1.847)

366.367 (<.0001)

 Religious activity

   < 1 time per month

1

 

1

 

   ≥ 1 time per month

0.653(0.629–0.678)

502.265 (<.0001)

0.661(0.631–0.692)

307.693 (<.0001)

 Friendship activity

   < 1 time per month

1

 

1

 

   ≥ 1 time per month

0.584(0.566–0.602)

1224.633 (<.0001)

0.540(0.520–0.561)

1026.847 (<.0001)

 Leisure activity

   < 1 time per month

1

 

1

 

   ≥ 1 time per month

1.200(1.164–1.238)

135.328 (<.0001)

1.039(0.999–1.080)

3.690 (0.0547)

 Charity activity

   < 1 time per month

1

 

1

 

   ≥ 1 time per month

0.686(0.644–0.729)

142.164 (<.0001)

0.677(0.626–0.731)

96.597 (<.0001)

Psychosocial factor

 Stress

  No stress

1

 

1

 

  Some stress

1.786(1.701–1.876)

9.987 (0.0016)

1.304(1.232–1.382)

194.405 (<.0001)

  Moderate stress

2.150(2.038–2.268)

212.038 (<.0001)

1.931(1.816–2.054)

93.078 (<.0001)

  Severe stress

2.226(2.043–2.424)

84.269 (<.0001)

2.774(2.533–3.036)

321.368 (<.0001)

 Depressive mood

  Yes

1.314(1.240–1.390)

88.804 (<.0001)

1.726(1.619–1.838)

285.274 (<.0001)

  No

1

 

1

 

 Suicide ideation

  Yes

1.062(1.000–1.127)

3.849 (0.0498)

1.445(1.352–1.543)

118.844 (<.0001)

  No

1

 

1

 

 Suicide attempt

  Yes

0.920(0.678–1.214)

0.3151 (0.5746)

2.012(1.549–2.571)

29.325 (<.0001)

  No

1

 

1

 

 Health status and HRQoLb

 Hypertension

  Yes

0.279(0.263–0.295)

1851.115 (<.0001)

0.323(0.301–0.346)

1038.598 (<.0001)

  No

1

 

1

 

 Diabetes mellitus

  Yes

0.262(0.238–0.288)

744.868 (<.0001)

0.318(0.284–0.354)

412.470 (<.0001)

  No

1

 

1

 

 Subjective awareness of health status

  Very good

7.534(6.055–9.523)

422.341 (<.0001)

2.854(2.395–3.430)

170.730 (<.0001)

  Good

6.800(5.492–8.559)

440.585 (<.0001)

2.061(1.743–2.457)

12.535 (0.0004)

  Average

5.836(4.714–7.346)

229.016 (<.0001)

2.190(1.854–2.610)

40.467 (<.0001)

  Poor

3.247(2.604–4.112)

34.758 (<.0001)

1.908(1.603–2.291)

0.0376 (0.8463)

  Very poor

1

 

1

 

 EQ-5D-3 L

  Total

9.288(7.554–11.468)

437.979 (< 0.0001)

1.701(1.392–2.089)

26.312 (<.0001)

  19–39

0.140(0.104–0.191)

157.9003 (< 0.0001)

0.024(0.017–0.033)

482.214 (<.0001)

  40–64

0.899(0.638–1.286)

0.3574 (0.5500)

0.195(0.139–0.277)

86.317 (<.0001)

  65 or older

7.086(2.611–21.201)

13.4291 (0.0002)

1.686(0.823–3.696)

1.8573 (0.1729)

  1. a Control group = no impairment group
  2. b Health-related quality of life