Table 2 Sociodemographic factors, socio-family relations, psychosocial factors, health status, and health-related quality of life according to the frequency of impairments in everyday activities due to the overuse of the internet, gaming, or smartphone
Parameters | Participants who used the Internet, gaming, or smartphone at least once before | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (N = 190,066) | No Impairment groups (n = 168,121) | Mild Impairment groups (n = 13,387) | Moderate -to- severe Impairment groups (n = 8558) | χ2 or F | Cramer’s V or r2 | |
Sociodemographic factors | ||||||
 Gender |  |  |  |  | 277.029* | 0.038 |
  Male | 87,836(50.27) | 76,292(83.03)a | 6963(10.37) | 4581(6.60) | ||
  Female | 102,230(49.73) | 91,829(86.77) | 6424(8.23) | 3977(5.00) | ||
 Age |  |  |  |  | 12,181.045* | 0.178 |
  19–39 | 52,512(37.54) | 37,730(70.28) | 9040(18.24) | 5742(11.49) | ||
  40–64 | 78,578(42.28) | 89,940(92.45) | 4061(4.78) | 2480(2.77) | ||
  65 or older | 58,976(20.18) | 40,451(98.13) | 286(0.83) | 336(1.04) | ||
 Education |  |  |  |  | 2790.673* | 0.086 |
  No formal or Elementary school | 33,398(9.42) | 32,949(98.15) | 207(0.86) | 242(0.99) | ||
  Middle school | 20,344(7.80) | 19,633(95.68) | 357(2.19) | 354(2.12) | ||
  High school | 69,425(38.75) | 60,000(82.92) | 5568(10.15) | 3857(6.93) | ||
  College or higher | 66,899(44.03) | 55,539(81.88) | 7255(11.62) | 4105(6.50) | ||
 Marital status |  |  |  |  | 8704.693* | 0.151 |
  Married and living with a spouse | 130,531(65.33) | 119,672(89.81) | 6707(6.35) | 4152(3.84) | ||
  Divorced or separated or Widowed | 26,079(10.22) | 25,213(95.52) | 501(2.64) | 365(1.84) | ||
  Never been married | 33,456(24.45) | 23,236(67.29) | 6179(19.98) | 4041(12.72) | ||
 Average monthly household income |  |  |  |  | 549.227* | 0.038 |
  Lowest | 27,484(8.34) | 26,360(92.37) | 584(4.16) | 540(3.47) | ||
  Low-middle | 63,168(28.84) | 56,729(86.02) | ,735(8.26) | 2704(5.72) | ||
  Upper-middle | 58,155(34.40) | 50,075(83.73) | 4986(10.05) | 3094(6.22) | ||
  Highest | 41,259(28.42) | 34,957(82.96) | 4082(10.97) | 2220(6.08) | ||
 Occupation |  |  |  |  | 4623.842* | 0.11 |
  Manager, professional or administrator, clerk | 43,240(28.97) | 36,219(82.51) | 4629(11.56) | 2392(5.93) | ||
  Service worker, salesperson | 26,904(14.65) | 23,661(84.91) | 1946(9.02) | 1297(6.08) | ||
  Technician, mechanic or production worker, machine operator/assembly worker | 20,150(11.97) | 17,874(87.16) | 1418(8.08) | 858(4.75) | ||
  Skilled agricultural/forestry/fishery worker, unskilled worker, soldier | 35,584(10.93) | 33,558(90.99) | 1155(5.19) | 871(3.81) | ||
  Student | 6,371(5.26) | 3,591(55.21) | 1665(27.25) | 1115(17.53) | ||
  Unemployed | 57,817(28.23) | 53,218(89.52) | 2574(5.9) | 2025(4.58) | ||
 Location of residence |  |  |  |  | 259.947* | 0.037 |
  Rural (town, township) | 74,466(17.25) | 68,474(88.15) | 3451(6.82) | 2541(5.03) | ||
  Urban (city) | 115,600(82.75) | 99,647(84.21) | 9936(9.82) | 6017(5.97) | ||
 Smoking |  |  |  |  | 314.734* | 0.029 |
  Non-smoker | 120,621(62.02) | 106,506(84.35) | 8780(9.83) | 5335(5.83) | ||
  Past smoker | 34,094(17.25) | 31,186(89.04) | 1731(6.58) | 1177(4.38) | ||
  Current smoker | 35,351(20.74) | 30,429(83.06) | 2876(10.00) | 2046(6.94) | ||
 Alcohol during the last year |  |  |  |  | 535.554* | 0.101 |
  Yes | 136,395(77.90) | 117,536(82.97) | 11,590(10.53) | 7269(6.50) | ||
  No | 53,671(22.10) | 50,585(91.67) | 1,797(4.96) | 1,289(3.37) | ||
Social relationships & activities | ||||||
 Family contact (by meeting in person or calling) |  |  |  |  | 257.147* | 0.026 |
   ≤ 1 time per month | 54,918(32.95) | 47,219(82.45) | 4645(10.65) | 3054(6.90) | ||
  2–4 times per month | 53,446(28.71) | 47,400(85.72) | 3885(9.23) | 2161(5.05) | ||
  2–3 times per week | 30,682(14.24) | 27,682(86.67) | 1802(8.08) | 1198(5.25) | ||
   ≥ 4 times per week | 51,020(24.11) | 45,820(86.18) | 3055(8.27) | 2145(5.55) | ||
 Neighbor contact (by meeting in person or calling) |  |  |  |  | 1466.542* | 0.062 |
   ≤ 1 time per month | 80,961(56.44) | 67,718(81.76) | 8077(11.16) | 5166(7.08) | ||
  2–4 times per month | 28,466(15.14) | 24,923(85.15) | 2304(9.88) | 1239(4.97) | ||
  2–3 times per week | 25,071(10.97) | 22,824(89.04) | 1396(6.92) | 851(4.05) | ||
   ≥ 4 times per week | 55,568(17.45) | 52,656(92.17) | 1610(4.30) | 1302(3.53) | ||
 Friend contact (by meeting in person or calling) |  |  |  |  | 553.135* | 0.038 |
   ≤ 1 time per month | 58,449(29.51) | 53,176(88.31) | 3175(7.03) | 2098(4.66) | ||
  2–4 times per month | 50,084(28.37) | 44,066(85.27) | 3871(9.56) | 2147(5.17) | ||
  2–3 times per week | 34,188(18.32) | 29,685(82.98) | 2809(10.69) | 1694(6.34) | ||
   ≥ 4 times per week | 47,345(23.80) | 41,194(81.68) | 3532(10.75) | 2619(7.57) | ||
 Religious activity |  |  |  |  | 374.172* | 0.044 |
   < 1 time per month | 139,684(74.18) | 122,143(83.60) | 10,728(10.11) | 6813(6.29) | ||
   ≥ 1 time per month | 50,382(25.82) | 45,978(88.60) | 2659(6.99) | 1745(4.41) | ||
 Friendship activity |  |  |  |  | 1027.635* | 0.074 |
   < 1 time per month | 83,310(46.56) | 71,189(81.01) | 7337(11.55) | 4784(7.44) | ||
   ≥ 1 time per month | 106,756(53.44) | 96,932(88.27) | 6050(7.35) | 3774(4.38) | ||
 Leisure activity |  |  |  |  | 65.000* | 0.018 |
   < 1 time per month | 132,286(65.84) | 118,294(85.46) | 8369(8.77) | 5623(5.77) | ||
   ≥ 1 time per month | 57,780(34.16) | 49,827(83.80) | 5018(10.33) | 2935(5.88) | ||
 Charity activity |  |  |  |  | 117.601* | 0.025 |
   < 1 time per month | 173,194(91.92) | 152,803(84.54) | 12,461(9.52) | 7930(5.95) | ||
   ≥ 1 time per month | 16,872(8.08) | 15,318(88.91) | 926(6.86) | 628(4.23) | ||
Psychosocial factor | ||||||
 Stress |  |  |  |  | 768.859* | 0.045 |
  No stress | 39,319(17.23) | 36,687(90.03) | 1471(5.68) | 1161(4.29) | ||
  Some stress | 104,260(56.24) | 92,033(85.12) | 7810(9.59) | 4417(5.29) | ||
  Moderate stress | 40,320(22.89) | 34,343(81.46) | 3544(11.05) | 2433(7.49) | ||
  Severe stress | 6167(3.64) | 5058(78.58) | 562(11.04) | 547(10.39) | ||
 Depressive mood |  |  |  |  | 170.022* | 0.030 |
  Yes | 11,630(6.32) | 9806(79.72) | 990(11.26) | 834(9.02) | ||
  No | 178,436(93.68) | 158,315(85.24) | 12,397(9.17) | 7724(5.59) | ||
 Suicide ideation |  |  |  |  | 58.732* | 0.018 |
  Yes | 13,462(6.43) | 11,792(82.50) | 891(9.56) | 779(7.93) | ||
  No | 176,604(93.57) | 156,329(85.05) | 12,496(9.28) | 7779(5.66) | ||
 Suicide attempt |  |  |  |  | 15.510** | 0.009 |
  Yes | 619(0.30) | 526(80.79) | 39(8.13) | 54(11.09) | ||
  No | 189,447(99.70) | 167,595(84.90) | 13,348(9.31) | 8504(5.79) | ||
Health status and HRQoLb | ||||||
 Hypertension |  |  |  |  | 1634.772* | 0.093 |
  Yes | 44,597(18.18) | 42,759(94.22) | 1030(3.37) | 808(2.41) | ||
  No | 145,469(81.82) | 125,362(82.82) | 12,357(10.62) | 7750(6.56) | ||
 Diabetes mellitus |  |  |  |  | 703.817* | 0.061 |
  Yes | 18,025(7.33) | 17,314(94.91) | 398(2.90) | 313(2.19) | ||
  No | 172,041(92.67) | 150,807(84.10) | 12,989(9.81) | 8245(6.09) | ||
 Subjective awareness of health status |  |  |  |  | 556.087* | 0.038 |
  Very good | 11,897(7.25) | 9,999(81.18) | 1128(11.37) | 770(7.45) | ||
  Good | 63,583(36.13) | 55,307(83.85) | 5398(10.60) | 2878(5.55) | ||
  Average | 82,260(43.94) | 72,458(84.83) | 5897(9.21) | 3905(5.97) | ||
  Poor | 25,977(10.47) | 24,202(89.15) | 888(5.38) | 887(5.47) | ||
  Very poor | 6349(2.21) | 6155(95.17) | 76(1.77) | 118(3.06) | ||
 EQ-5D-3 L (M ± SD)c | ||||||
  Total |  | 0.954 ± 0.0003 | 0.970 ± 0.0006 | 0.959 ± 0.0010 | 211.81* | 0.0022 |
  19–39 | 52,512(37.54) | 0.980 ± 0.0003 | 0.973 ± 0.0007 | 0.965 ± 0.0010 | 212.14* | 0.0080 |
  40–64 | 78,578(42.28) | 0.962 ± 0.0003 | 0.962 ± 0.0013 | 0.948 ± 0.0023 | 42.13* | 0.0009 |
  65 or older | 58,976(20.18) | 0.874 ± 0.0012 | 0.915 ± 0.0090 | 0.888 ± 0.0119 | 11.17* | 0.0005 |