Table 2 Studies on prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection included in the systematic review and their main findings (n = 52)
From: Active and latent tuberculosis in refugees and asylum seekers: a systematic review and meta-analysis
First Author | Year of publication | Country of study | Population | Country / Region of origin | Period of data collection | Setting | Sample size (n) | Women (%) | Study design | Diagnostic test | TST cutoff point (mm) | Prevalence of LTBI (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | Overall | |||||||||||||
Start | End | ||||||||||||||
Choi [6] | 2007 | Republic of Korea | Refugee | North Korea | 1999 | 2006 | Routine screening | 1112 c | 63.4 | Cross sectional | TST | 10 | NI | NI | 81.47 |
Chaves [43] | 2009 | Australia | Refugee | Myanmar; Thailand | 2004 | 2008 | Symptomatic | 149a,c | 48.7 | Cohort | TST / IGRA | 10 | NI | NI | 70.47 |
Diel [52] | 2004 | Germany | Asylum Seeker | Afghanistan; Turkey; Iran; Burkina Faso; Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; Sierra Leone; Russia; Guinea; Togo | 1997 | 2002 | Both | 12,176b | NI | Cohort | TST | NI | NI | NI | 62.00 |
Tafuri [10] | 2011 | Italy | Asylum Seeker | Asia; Eritrea; Gambia; Ghana; Nigeria; North Africa; Somalia; Tunisia | 2009 | 2009 | Routine screening | 982c | 14.4 | Cross sectional | TST | 10 | 63.1 | 46.2 | 60.69 |
Lowther [45] | 2012 | USA | Refugee | Sub-Saharan Africa; South and Southeast | 2000 | 2007 | Routine screening | 11,615c | 44.8 | Cohort | TST | NI | NI | NI | 60.55 |
Baker [75] | 2009 | USA | Refugee | Somalia; Ethiopia; Liberia; Eritrea; Ghana; Zimbabwe; Ukraine; Russia Federation; China | 2006 | 2007 | Routine screening | 195c | 65.6 | Cohort | TST / IGRA | 10 | 65.7 | 32.0 | 55.38 |
Winje [60] | 2008 | Norway | Asylum Seeker | Asia. Europe; Africa | 2005 | 2006 | Routine screening | 912c | 24.9 | Cross sectional | TST / IGRA | 6 | NI | NI | 53.95 |
Lim [57] | 2016 | Canada | Refugee | Tibet | 2014 | 2016 | Routine screening | 163c | 51.11 | Cohort | TST / IGRA | NI | 54.2 | 43.8 | 51.53 |
Kowatsch-Beyer [76] | 2013 | USA | Refugee | Africa; East Asia; Eastern Europe; South Asia; Latin America | 2008 | 2008 | Routine screening | 224b | 47.8 | Cohort | TST | 5 | NI | NI | 51.34 |
Varkey [49] | 2007 | USA | Refugee | Africa; Europe; Asia; Central and South America | 1997 | 2001 | Routine screening | 9842c | 47.7 | Cohort | TST | 10 | 57.2 | 45.2 | 50.70 |
Watts [77] | 2017 | USA | Mixed | Africa; America; Europe; Eastern Mediterranean; Southeast Asia; West Pacific | 1995 | 2012 | Symptomatic | 6669b | 47 | Cross sectional | TST | 10 | 54.2 | 45.7 | 50.21 |
Padovese [78] | 2013 | Malta | Asylum Seeker | Somalia; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Western Africa | 2010 | 2011 | Routine screening | 500b | 18.8 | Cross sectional | TST / IGRA | 10 | NI | NI | 49.60 |
Liu [79] | 2009 | USA | Refugee | Ukraine; Vietnam; Somalia; Bosnia; Sudan | 1999 | 2005 | Routine screening | 9132c | 40.2 | Cohort | NI | NI | NI | NI | 49.17 |
Harstad [80] | 2009 | Norway | Asylum Seeker | Iraq; Somalia; Russia; Afghanistan; Serbia and Montenegro | 2005 | 2006 | Routine screening | 4526 b | 30.6 | Cohort | TST / IGRA | 6 | NI | NI | 47.61 |
Ouimet [31] | 2008 | Canada | Asylum Seeker | India; Pakistan; Guinea; Congo; Nigeria; Ivory Coast; Cameroon; Siri Lanka; Mexico; Zimbabwe | 2000 | 2004 | Symptomatic | 231 c | 43.2 | Cross sectional | TST | NI | NI | NI | 45.89 |
Weinfurter [81] | 2011 | USA | Refugee | NI | 2004 | 2006 | Routine screening | 594c | 47.8 | Cross sectional | TST / IGRA | 5 | NI | NI | 45.62 |
Pottie [82] | 2007 | Canada | Refugee | Sub-Saharan Africa; North Africa; Middle East; Eastern Europe | 2004 | 2005 | Routine screening | 112 b | 59.8 | Cohort | TST | 10 | 55.6 | 34.3 | 42.86 |
Moreno [83] | 2006 | USA | Mixed | Africa; Latin America; Asia; Europe | 1998 | 2001 | Routine screening | 101 c | 43.2 | Cohort | TST | NI | NI | NI | 41.58 |
Bertelsen [84] | 2016 | USA | Asylum Seeker | Sub-Saharan Africa; Asia; Eastern Europe; Middle East; Latin America and Caribbean; Western Europe | 2012 | 2014 | Routine screening | 160 c | 33.8 | Cohort | TST / IGRA | NI | NI | NI | 40.62 |
Chai [64] | 2013 | USA | Mixed | Ethiopia; Cameroon; Eritrea; Sierra Leone; Togo; Vietnam; Sudan; Democratic Republic of Congo; Columbia | 2003 | 2007 | Routine screening | 611 c | 43.0 | Cohort | TST | 10 | NI | NI | 39.12 |
Bua [51] | 2016 | Italy | Mixed | Nigeria; Mali; Senegal; Bangladesh; Gambia; Guinea; Nigeria; Ghana; Togo | NI | NI | Routine screening | 109 b | NI | Cross sectional | TST / IGRA | 5 | NI | NI | 38.53 |
Lobato [59] | 2008 | USA | Refugee | Bosnia; Vietnam; Somalia; Congo; Eritrea; Haiti; Cambodia | 1996 | 2005 | Routine screening | 4904 c | NI | Cohort | NI | NI | NI | NI | 38.38 |
Subedi [73] | 2015 | USA | Refugee | Bhutan; Burma | 2010 | 2012 | Routine screening | 149 b | 46.3 | Cohort | TST / IGRA | 10 | NI | NI | 38.26 |
Goldberg [85] | 2004 | USA | Refugee | Soviet Union; Yugoslavia; Somalia | 1999 | 2000 | Routine screening | 2194 c | NI | Cohort | TST | 10 | NI | NI | 37.06 |
Hobbs [58] | 2002 | New Zealand | Asylum Seeker | Iran; Afghanistan; Siri Lanka; Czech Republic; Kuwait; Somalia; Iraq | 1999 | 2000 | Routine screening | 869 c | 31.9 | Cross sectional | TST | 10 | NI | NI | 36.36 |
Rennert-May [62] | 2016 | Canada | Refugee | Sub-Saharan Africa; Middle East; South Asia; East and Southeast Asia | 2009 | 2011 | Routine screening | 746 c | 50.1 | Cohort | TST / IGRA | NI | NI | NI | 35.52 |
Board [86] | 2016 | USA | Refugee | Southeast Asia; South Asia; Middle East; Sub-Saharan Africa | 2010 | 2013 | Routine screening | 9860b | 45.8 | Cross sectional | TST / IGRA | 10 | 36.2 | 29.2 | 32.95 |
Nisbet [4] | 2007 | New Zealand | Refugee | Ethiopia; Somalia; Vietnam | 1993 | 2004 | Routine screening | 100b | 44.0 | Cohort | TST | 5 | NI | NI | 32.00 |
Trauer [65] | 2011 | Australia | Refugee | Africa; Eastern Mediterranean; Southeast Asia | 2006 | 2009 | Routine screening | 458 † | 56.1 | Cohort | TST | 10 | 36.0 | 28.6 | 31.88 |
Hensel [87] | 2016 | USA | Refugee | Burma; Bhutan; Iraq; Somalia | 2013 | 2014 | Routine screening | 694 c | 45.0 | Cross sectional | IGRA | NA | 33.6 | 29.1 | 31.84 |
Walters [88] | 2016 | USA | Mixed | Sub-Saharan Africa; Eastern Asia and Pacific; Middle East; Southeast Asia; Latin America and Caribbean | 2009 | 2012 | Symptomatic | 2244b | 44.4 | Cohort | TST / IGRA | 10 | NI | NI | 30.30 |
Oeltmann [46] | 2008 | USA | Refugee | Thailand | 2004 | 2005 | Routine screening | 5637 c | 41.2 | Cross sectional | TST | 5 | NI | NI | 28.81 |
Banfield [39] | 2012 | Australia | Refugee | Sudan; Congo; Liberia; Burundi; Tanzania; Sierra Leone; Burma | 2006 | 2007 | Routine screening | 1004 c | 51.2 | Cross sectional | TST / IGRA | NI | NI | NI | 26.29 |
Tiong [42] | 2006 | Australia | Refugee | Western Africa; Central Africa; Eastern Africa; Africa | 2004 | 2005 | Both | 96 c | 55.8 | Cross sectional | TST / IGRA | 10 | NI | NI | 25.00 |
Gray [38] | 2012 | Australia | Refugee | Middle East; Africa; Asia; Australia | 2005 | 2010 | Routine screening | 328 b | 45.7 | Cross sectional | TST | 10 | NI | NI | 24.70 |
Sarivalasis [47] | 2012 | Switzerland | Asylum Seeker | Balkan Peninsula; Soviet Union; Asia; Africa | 2009 | 2010 | Routine screening | 393 c | 27.2 | Cross sectional | IGRA | NA | NI | NI | 23.66 |
Sheikh [44] | 2009 | Australia | Refugee | Asia; Middle East; Western Africa; Central Africa; Eastern Africa | 2005 | 2006 | Routine screening | 219 c | 53.1 | Cross sectional | TST | 10 | NI | NI | 23.29 |
Bennett [89] | 2014 | USA | Refugee | Middle East, Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa | 2010 | 2012 | Routine screening | 4280 b | 49.7 | Cohort | TST / IGRA | 10 | 23.4 | 15.8 | 21.40 |
Paxton [74] | 2012 | Australia | Refugee | NI | 2006 | 2009 | Routine screening | 810 c | 49.0 | Cohort | IGRA | NA | NI | NI | 20.86 |
Lucas [90] | 2010 | Australia | Refugee | Africa; Asia | 2007 | 2008 | Routine screening | 524 b | 51.9 | Cohort | TST / IGRA | 10 | NI | NI | 18.32 |
Johnston [56] | 2012 | Australia | Refugee | Asia; Africa | 2009 | 2010 | Routine screening | 176 c | 41.7 | Cohort | TST | 10 | NI | NI | 18.18 |
Marras [35] | 2003 | Canada | Refugee | India; Tibet; Nepal | 1998 | 2001 | Routine screening | 525 b | 32.0 | Cohort | TST | 10 | NI | NI | 16.0 |
Ramos [91] | 2010 | USA | Refugee | Iraq | 2007 | 2009 | Routine screening | 4923 c | 48.5 | Cross sectional | TST / IGRA | NI | NI | NI | 14.06 |
Bennet [53] | 2017 | Sweden | Asylum Seeker | Afghanistan; Somalia; Eritrea; Ethiopia | 2015 | 2016 | Routine screening | 2936 b | NI | Cohort | TST / IGRA | 10 | NI | NI | 11.34 |
Mockenhaupt [32] | 2016 | Germany | Refugee | Syria | 2011 | 2015 | Routine screening | 44 b | 34.1 | Cohort | NI | NI | NI | NI | 9.09 |
Liu [61] | 2015 | USA | Refugee | NI | 2007 | 2012 | Routine screening | 57,019 c | NI | Cross sectional | TST / IGRA | 10 | NI | NI | 7.93 |
Taylor [92] | 2016 | USA | Refugee | NI | 2010 | 2010 | Routine screening | 13,395 b | NI | Cohort | TST / IGRA | 10 | NI | NI | 6.20 |
Pavlopoulou [93] | 2017 | Greece | Mixed | Afghanistan; Congo; Bangladesh; Pakistan; Iran; Lebanon; Sudan; Kenia; Somalia; Eritrea | 2010 | 2013 | Routine screening | 162 b | 44.4 | Cross sectional | TST / IGRA | 10 | NI | NI | 4.94 |
Harling [68] | 2007 | UK | Asylum Seeker | Iraq; Afghanistan; Czech Republic; Iran; Congo; Somalia; Zimbabwe; Angola | 2002 | 2003 | Routine screening | 4275 c | 25.0 | Cross sectional | TST | NI | 2.4 | 0.9 | 2.18 |
Lee [36] | 2013 | USA | Refugee | Iraq; Burma; Bhutan; Iran; Cuba; Thailand; Vietnam; Nepal; Somalia | 2009 | 2009 | Routine screening | 78,899 b | NI | Cross sectional | TST / IGRA | 10 | NI | NI | 1.87 |
Yanni [72] | 2013 | Jordan | Refugee | Iraq | 2007 | 2009 | Routine screening | 13,669 c | 50.3 | Cohort | TST | 10 | NI | NI | 1.84 |
Entzel [94] | 2003 | USA | Refugee | Cuba | 1999 | 2000 | Routine screening | 241 c | NI | Cross sectional | TST | NI | NI | NI | 0.41 |