Active and latent tuberculosis in refugees and asylum seekers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Proença, Raquel; Mattos Souza, Fernanda; Lisboa Bastos, Mayara; Caetano, Rosângela; Braga, José Ueleres; Faerstein, Eduardo; Trajman, Anete

doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08907-y

BMC Public Health

Table 1 Studies on prevalence of active tuberculosis included in the systematic review and their characteristics (n = 46)

From: Active and latent tuberculosis in refugees and asylum seekers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

First Author	Year of publication	Country of study	Population	Country / Region of origin	Period of data collection		Setting	Sample size (n)	Study design	Women (%)	Bacteriologically confirmed	Prevalence of Active TB (per 100,000 inhabitants)
First Author	Year of publication	Country of study	Population	Country / Region of origin	Start	End	Setting	Sample size (n)	Study design	Women (%)	Bacteriologically confirmed	Men	Women	Overall
Mockenhaupt [32]	2016	Germany	Refugee	Syria	2011	2015	Routine screening	44 ^b	Cohort	34.1	NI	NI	NI	11,364
Nisbet [4]	2007	New Zealand	Refugee	Ethiopia; Somalia; Vietnam	1993	2004	Routine screening	98 ^b	Cohort	44.0	NI	NI	NI	10,204
Ravensbergen [33]	2016	Netherlands	Asylum Seeker	Eritrea; Syria; Afghanistan; Armenia; Nigeria	2014	2015	Routine screening	736 ^{a, b}	Cross sectional	32.6	Yes	NI	NI	6250
Rajamanoharan [34]	2004	UK	Mixed	Africa; Eastern Europe; Middle East; South America; Asia	2001	2002	NI	1856 ^b	Cross sectional	NI	NI	NI	NI	6627
Marras [35]	2003	Canada	Refugee	India; Tibet; Nepal	1998	2001	Routine screening	525 ^b	Cohort	32.0	Yes	NI	NI	5905
Lee [36]	2013	USA	Refugee	Iraq; Burma; Bhutan; Iran; Cuba; Thailand; Vietnam; Nepal; Somalia	2009	2009	Routine screening	78,899 ^b	Cross sectional	NI	Yes	NI	NI	4349
Lobue [37]	2004	USA	Refugee	NI	2001	2003	Routine screening	54 ^b	Cohort	NI	Yes	NI	NI	3704
Gray [38]	2012	Australia	Refugee	Middle East; Africa; Asia; Australia	2005	2010	Routine screening	328 ^b	Cross sectional	45.7	No	NI	NI	3354
Banfield [39]	2012	Australia	Refugee	Sudan; Congo; Liberia; Burundi; Tanzania; Sierra Leone; Burma	2006	2007	Routine screening	264 ^c	Cross sectional	51.2	No	NI	NI	3030
Otoukesh [40]	2012	Iran	Refugee	Afghanistan	2005	2010	Routine screening	23,152 ^b	Cross sectional	52.3	NI	2.01	3.16	2613
Dierberg [41]	2016	India	Refugee	Tibet	2011	2013	NI	3830 ^c	Cohort	35.7	Yes	3.12	1.39	2507
Tiong [42]	2006	Australia	Refugee	Western Africa; Central Africa; Eastern Africa; Africa	2004	2005	Both	84 ^c	Cross sectional	55.8	No	NI	NI	2381
Chaves [43]	2009	Australia	Refugee	Myanmar; Thailand	2004	2008	Symptomatic	149 ^{a, c}	Cohort	48.7	Yes	NI	NI	2013
Sheikh [44]	2009	Australia	Refugee	Asia; Middle East; Western Africa; Central Africa; Eastern Africa	2005	2006	Routine screening	219 ^c	Cross sectional	53.1	No	NI	NI	1826
Lowther [45]	2012	USA	Refugee	Sub-Saharan Africa; South and Southeast Asia	2000	2007	Routine screening	11,615^c	Cohort	44.8	Yes	NI	NI	1817
Oeltmann [46]	2008	USA	Refugee	Thailand	2004	2005	Routine screening	15,455^b	Cross sectional	41.2	Yes	NI	NI	1760
Sarivalasis [47]	2012	Switzerland	Asylum Seeker	Balkan Peninsula; Soviet Union; Asia; Africa	2009	2010	Routine screening	393^c	Cross sectional	27.2	Yes	1.40	0.93	1272
Harstad [48]	2010	Norway	Asylum Seeker	Iraq; Somalia; Russia; Afghanistan; Serbia and Montenegro	2005	2008	Routine screening	2237^b	Cohort	30.1	Yes	0.83	2.23	1252
Varkey [49]	2007	USA	Refugee	Africa; Europe; Asia; Central and South America	1997	2001	Routine screening	9842^c	Cohort	47.7	Yes	1.13	0.65	1179
Choi [6]	2007	Republic of Korea	Refugee	North Korea	1999	2006	Routine screening	7722 ^b	Cross sectional	63.4	Yes	1.34	1.00	1127
Soydan [50]	2017	Turkey	Mixed	NI	2013	2015	Symptomatic	1149^{a, b}	Cross sectional	47,3	No	0.82	1.10	957
Bua [51]	2016	Italy	Mixed	Nigeria; Mali; Senegal; Bangladesh; Gambia; Guinea; Nigeria; Ghana; Togo	NI	NI	Routine screening	109^b	Cross sectional	NI	Yes	NI	NI	917
Diel [52]	2004	Germany	Asylum Seeker	Afghanistan; Turkey; Iran; Burkina Faso; Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; Sierra Leone; Russia; Guinea; Togo	1997	2002	Both	12,176^b	Cohort	NI	Yes	NI	NI	887
Bennet [53]	2017	Sweden	Asylum Seeker	Afghanistan; Somalia; Eritrea; Ethiopia	2015	2016	Routine screening	2936 ^b	Cohort	NI	Yes	NI	NI	817
Tafuri [10]	2011	Italy	Asylum Seeker	Asia; Eritrea; Gambia; Ghana; Nigeria; North Africa; Somalia; Tunisia	2009	2009	Routine screening	982^c	Cross sectional	14.4	Yes	NI	NI	815
Russo [54]	2016	Italy	Asylum Seeker	Africa; Asia; South America	2012	2013	Symptomatic	792^c	Cross sectional	20,1	No	NI	NI	758
Lalchandani [55]	2001	Ireland	Refugee	Africa; Romania; Kosovo; Russia	1999	2000	Routine screening	271^{a, b}	Cross sectional	100	NI	NI	NI	738
Johnston [56]	2012	Australia	Refugee	Asia; Africa	2009	2010	Routine screening	176 ^c	Cohort	41.7	NI	NI	NI	568
Lim [57]	2016	Canada	Refugee	Tibet	2014	2016	Routine screening	180 ^b	Cohort	51,1	Yes	NI	NI	556
Hobbs [58]	2002	New Zealand	Asylum Seeker	Iran; Afghanistan; Siri Lanka; Czech Republic; Kuwait; Somalia; Iraq	1999	2000	Routine screening	780 ^c	Cross sectional	31.9	No	NI	NI	513
Lobato [59]	2008	USA	Refugee	Bosnia; Vietnam, Somalia; Congo; Eritrea; Haiti; Cambodia	1996	2005	Routine screening	4904 ^c	Cohort	NI	Yes	NI	NI	510
Winje [60]	2008	Norway	Asylum Seeker	Asia. Europe; Africa	2005	2006	Routine screening	1000 ^b	Cross sectional	24.9	Yes	NI	NI	500
Liu [61]	2015	USA	Refugee	NI	2007	2012	Routine screening	232,738 ^b	Cross sectional	NI	Yes	NI	NI	474
Rennert-May [62]	2016	Canada	Refugee	Sub-Saharan Africa; Middle East; South Asia; East and Southeast Asia	2009	2011	Routine screening	746 ^c	Cohort	50.1	Yes	NI	NI	402
Sane Schepisi [63]	2013	Italy	Mixed	NI	2009	2010	Routine screening	776 ^b	Cross sectional	NI	Yes	NI	NI	258
Chai [64]	2013	USA	Mixed	Ethiopia; Cameroon; Eritrea; Sierra Leone; Togo; Vietnam; Sudan; Democratic Republic of Congo; Columbia	2003	2007	Routine screening	781 ^b	Cohort	43.0	NI	NI	NI	256
Trauer [65]	2011	Australia	Refugee	Africa; Eastern Mediterranean; Southeast Asia	2006	2009	Routine screening	471 ^b	Cohort	56.1	Yes	NI	NI	212
Gibson-Helm [66]	2015	Australia	Refugee	Siri Lanka; Afghanistan; India; Mauritius; Vietnam; Iraq; Indonesia; Pakistan; Philippines;	2002	2011	Routine screening	13,319 ^b	Cross sectional	100.0	NI	NI	NI	188
Schneeberger Geisler [67]	2010	Switzerland	Asylum Seeker	NI	2004	2008	Routine screening	45,129 ^b	Cross sectional	25.1	Yes	0.15	0.09	168
Harling [68]	2007	UK	Asylum Seeker	Iraq; Afghanistan; Czech Republic; Iran; Congo; Somalia; Zimbabwe; Angola	2002	2003	Routine screening	8258 ^b	Cross sectional	25.0	Yes	NI	NI	133
Meier [69]	2016	Germany	Asylum Seeker	NI	2014	2015	Routine screening	11,773 ^b	Cross sectional	NI	Yes	NI	NI	93
Bloch-Infanger [70]	2017	Switzerland	Asylum Seeker	NI	2004	2015	Routine screening	8697 ^b	Cross sectional	NI	No	NI	NI	69
Weinrich [71]	2017	Germany	Refugee	NI	2015	2015	Routine screening	17,487 ^b	Cross sectional	23,0	No	NI	NI	57
Yanni [72]	2013	Jordan	Refugee	Iraq	2007	2009	Routine screening	14,077 ^c	Cohort	50.3	Yes	NI	NI	7
Subedi [73]	2015	USA	Refugee	Bhutan; Burma	2010	2012	Routine screening	149 ^b	Cohort	46.3	Yes	NI	NI	0
Paxton [74]	2012	Australia	Refugee	NI	2006	2009	Routine screening	810 ^c	Cross sectional	49.0	No	NI	NI	0

Abbreviations: USA United States of America, UK United Kingdom, NI Not Informed, TB Tuberculosis
In the column Setting, “both” means that the study performed routine screening and symptomatic evaluation
^aHospitalised population; ^bTotal population on study; ^cPopulation screened for active tuberculosis

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ISSN: 1471-2458

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