How do lifestyle choices affect the link between living alone and psychological distress in older age? Results from the AgeHeaPsyWel-HeaSeeB study

Table 2 Associations between living alone and psychological distress: OLS Regression Models

Variables	MODEL 1		MODEL 2
Variables	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)
Potential confounders	√		√
Main model: Living arrangements: Living alone vs co-residence	2.435	(1.908–3.106)***	1.463	(1.065–2.009)**
Stratified models
Gender
Female	2.448	(1.743–3.439)***	1.630	(1.074–2.474)*
Male	2.021	(1.364–2.994)***	1.122	(0.657–1.916)
Age
50–64	3.184	(2.265–4.475)***	2.064	(1.348–3.160)***
65+	1.964	(1.364–2.827)***	1.403	(1.051–2.478)**
Residence
Rural	2.511	(1.719–3.667)***	1.415	(0.811–2.466)
Urban	2.359	(1.711–3.252)***	1.699	(1.129–2.557)*
N	1200		1200

OR is the odds ratio; CI in parenthesis is confidence interval; √ represents potential confounders
Model 1: Unadjusted model
Model 2: Adjusted model included living arrangements, age, gender, residence, education level, employment, income level, family contacts, social participation, loneliness, physical activity, self-reported health, functional status, and diagnosis of chronic diseases
Stratified models included Gender (Male vs Female); Age (50–64 vs 65+) and Residence (Rural vs Urban)
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.005; ***p < 0.001

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