Table 1 Descriptive and bivariate analysis of study variables

Total

1200

(100)

742

(61.8)

458

(38.2)

–

 50–64

585

(48.8)

304

(41.0)

281

(61.4)

< 0.001

 65+

615

(51.3)

438

(59.0)

177

(38.6)

 Female

759

(63.3)

563

(75.9)

196

(42.8)

< 0.001

 Male

441

(36.8)

179

(24.1)

262

(57.2)

 Rural

540

(45.0)

366

(49.3)

174

(38.0)

< 0.001

 Urban

660

(55.0)

376

(50.7)

284

(62.0)

 Primary or none

1034

(86.2)

672

(90.6)

362

(79.0)

< 0.001

 Secondary

104

(8.7)

48

(6.5)

56

(12.2)

 Tertiary

62

(5.2)

22

(3.0)

40

(8.7)

 Unemployed

667

(55.6)

486

(65.5)

181

(39.5)

< 0.001

 Employed

533

(44.4)

256

(34.5)

277

(60.5)

Monthly income (¢) [M(SD)]

308.180

[338.893]

410.3

[469.6]

239.7

[180.4]

< 0.001

 Not lonely

538

(44.8)

253

(34.1)

285

(62.2)

< 0.001

 Lonely

662

(55.2)

489

(65.9)

173

(37.8)

 Not-active

594

(49.5)

426

(57.4)

168

(36.7)

< 0.001

 Active

606

(50.5)

316

(42.6)

290

(63.3)

Frequent family contacts

1143

(95.3)

699

(94.2)

444

(96.9)

0.030

Frequent social activity

880

(73.3)

535

(72.1)

345

(75.3)

0.220

 Very good

239

(19.9)

109

(14.7)

130

(28.4)

< 0.001

 Good

369

(30.8)

216

(29.1)

153

(33.4)

 Fair

348

(29.0)

239

(32.2)

109

(23.8)

 Poor

244

(20.3)

178

(24.0)

66

(14.4)

Functional status [M(SD)]

13.70

[5.09]

15.17

[4.86]

12.79

[5.02]

< 0.001

Diagnosis of NCDs

636

(53.0)

416

(56.1)

220

(48.0)

0.007

Psychological distress [M(SD)]

13.54

[5.10]

12.97

[5.04]

14.11

[4.96]

< 0.001