Table 2 Distribution of TB patients according to smoking habit based on multivariate analysis
From: Effect of smoking on treatment outcome among tuberculosis patients in Malaysia; a multicenter study
Patient variables | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude OR | 95% CI | p-Value | aOR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
Gender | ||||||
 Male | 1.79 | 1.64–1.96 | < 0.001 | 1.43 | 1.30–1.58 | < 0.001 |
 Female | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Age | ||||||
  < 15 | 0.62 | 0.48–0.80 | < 0.001 | 0.86 | 0.66–1.14 | 0.31 |
 16–25 | 0.75 | 0.67–0.85 | < 0.001 | 0.92 | 0.81–1.04 | 0.22 |
 26–35 | 1.02 | 0.92–1.13 | 0.62 | – | – | – |
 36–45 | 1.22 | 1.10–1.35 | < 0.001 | 1.02 | 0.91–1.15 | 0.65 |
 46–55 | 1.06 | 0.95–1.18 | 0.26 | – | – | – |
 56–65 | 1.05 | 0.93–1.18 | 0.35 | – | – | – |
  > 65 | 0.98 | 0.86–1.12 | 0.79 | – | – | – |
Race | ||||||
 Malay | 1.17 | 1.07–1.29 | < 0.001 | 1.10 | 0.91–1.32 | 0.31 |
 Chinese | 1.36 | 1.24–1.50 | < 0.001 | 1.23 | 1.02–1.49 | 0.02 |
 Indian | 1.07 | 0.91–1.25 | 0.37 | – | – | – |
 Indigenous Sarawak | 0.65 | 0.57–0.75 | < 0.001 | 0.74 | 0.58–0.95 | 0.02 |
 Indigenous Sabah | 0.77 | 0.69–0.86 | < 0.001 | 1.01 | 0.83–1.23 | 0.91 |
 Indonesian immigrants | 0.79 | 0.67–0.94 | 0.007 | 0.91 | 0.72–1.16 | 0.47 |
 Philippine immigrants | 0.82 | 0.68–0.99 | 0.04 | 0.97 | 0.75–1.25 | 0.83 |
 Others | 1.39 | 1.00–1.93 | 0.04 | 1.30 | 0.89–1.90 | 0.16 |
Area | ||||||
 Urban | 1.47 | 1.35–1.60 | < 0.001 | 1.46 | 1.33–1.61 | < 0.001 |
 Rural | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Marital status | ||||||
 Single | 1.14 | 1.04–1.24 | 0.005 | 0.97 | 0.88–1.07 | 0.63 |
 Married | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Employment status | ||||||
 Employed | 1.33 | 1.22–1.46 | < 0.001 | 1.21 | 1.09–1.34 | < 0.001 |
 Unemployed | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Alcohol drinkers | ||||||
 Yes | 8.02 | 6.67–9.66 | < 0.001 | 4.91 | 4.04–5.96 | < 0.001 |
 No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Intravenous drug user (IVDU) | ||||||
 Yes | 11.82 | 9.16–15.24 | < 0.001 | 7.43 | 5.70–9.60 | < 0.001 |
 No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
TB type | ||||||
 PTB | 0.96 | 0.86–1.08 | 0.56 | – | – |  |
 EPTB | 1.00 | – | – | – | ||
Co-morbidity | ||||||
 Yes | 1.85 | 1.69–2.01 | < 0.001 | 1.27 | 1.16–1.40 | < 0.001 |
 No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||