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Table 2 Univariable and multivariable associations between sociodemographic factors and ever testing for HIV in Malawi and Zimbabwe, 2015–16

From: Use and awareness of and willingness to self-test for HIV: an analysis of cross-sectional population-based surveys in Malawi and Zimbabwe

Variables

Univariable (weighted)

N = 31,375a

Multivariable (weighted)

N = 31,347a

OR

95% CI and

p-value

aOR

95% CI and

p-value

Country

 Zimbabwe

1

 

1

 

 Malawi

1.18

1.10–1.28

1.26

1.15–1.38

Sex

 Female

1

 

1

 

 Male

0.42

0.3–0.45

0.39

0.36–0.42

Age (years)

 15–19

1

p < 0.001§

1

p < 0.001§

 20–24

5.40

4.87–5.98

4.37

3.91–4.87

 25–29

11.89

10.48–13.48

8.24

7.18–9.46

 30–34

14.19

12.38–16.27

8.86

7.63–10.29

 35–39

10.42

9.01–12.05

6.41

5.47–7.50

 40–44

8.44

7.27–9.80

5.30

4.50–6.25

 45+

5.16

4.50–5.91

3.72

3.20–4.34

Residence

 Urban

1

 

1

 

 Rural

0.83

0.76–0.90

1.00

0.88–1.14

HIV status

 HIV negative

1

 

1

 

 HIV positive

3.44

2.98–3.97

2.11

1.80–2.49

Marital status

 Single

1

 

1

 

 Married or cohabiting

6.07

5.62–6.54

b

b

Wealth

 Poorest

1

p < 0.003§

1

p < 0.581§

 Poor

0.94

0.84–1.05

1.02

0.89–1.16

 Middle

0.91

0.81–1.01

1.09

0.96–1.25

 Rich

1.04

0.93–1.16

1.05

0.91–1.20

 Richest

1.09

0.97–1.23

1.11

0.94–1.31

Employment

 Not actively working

1

 

1

 

 Actively working

1.81

1.69–1.95

1.16

1.06–1.26

Education

  ≤ Primary

1

 

1

 

  ≥ Secondary

1.26

1.17–1.35

b

b

Literacy

 Illiterate

1

 

1

 

 Literate

1.30

1.20–1.40

1.63

1.50–1.78

HIV-related riskc

 Low risk

1

p < 0.001§

1

p < 0.001§

 Moderate risk

4.58

4.23–4.96

2.15

1.96–2.36

 High risk

2.14

1.92–2.40

1.54

1.80–2.49

  1. a Both samples were weighted based on standard DHS weights; Strata = 56; PSU = 1256. Univariable draws from a total of 31,385 observations, population size 31,375. Multivariable draws from a total of 31,348 observations and population size of 31,338. This excludes 37 people who did not report on sexual activity and risk behaviours and are missing from the “HIV risk category”
  2. bRepresents variables that were not included in the multivariable analysis due to identified collinearity
  3. c HIV risk as defined in this analysis includes reported sexual activity in the past four weeks, and the following high-risk exposures in the previous 12 months: multiple (i.e. ≥2) partners, any paid sex (asked to men), having received gifts, cash or other compensation in exchange for sex (asked to women), and having a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Individuals with any “high-risk” exposures were classified as “high-risk”, with the remaining respondents classified as “low risk” if reporting no sexually activity in the past four weeks, and as “moderate risk” otherwise
  4. §P-value based on the Wald test. P-values for variables with more than two categories are shown
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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