Table 1 Description of changes in socioeconomic and demographic characteristics between Study 1 and Study 2

Children younger than 5 years followed

1843

1169

Median age in months of children in the study during follow-up (IQR)

28.8 (14.3–43.8)

28.7 (14.0–44.5)

Female sex (%)

879 (47.7)

557 (47.6)

Families with children followed in the study^#

649

675

Households with children followed in the study ^#

433

572

Mean household crowding (SD)

7.9 (4.7)

3.6 (2.2)

Children in improved houses (%)

389 (21.1)

636 (54.5)

Children in households using clean cooking fuel*; improved cookstove** (%)

45 (2.4)

21 (1.8)

Children living in house with improved toilet (%)

48 (2.6)

767 (65.7)

Children in household that settles drinking water*; has improved drinking water source** (%)

992 (53.8)

386 (33.0)

Children with illiterate mother (%)

1303 (70.7)

330 (28.2)

Children with illiterate father (%)

562 (30.5)

127 (10.9)

Median Monthly Household Income in Pakistan Rupees (Incomes at 2010 prices)

2999 (18325)

25,000 (20367)

< 5 mortality/1000 live births (total deaths)

86.8 (103)

19.8 (8)

Infant mortality/1000 live births (total deaths)

71.7 (85)

7.4 (3)