Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants, by race at baseline
Characteristic | All Races (N = 3904) | White (N = 3159) | Black (A/A) (N = 574) | Other (N = 171) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
Age mean (SD) | 70.9 (9.3) | 71.6 (9.1) | 68.6 (8.7) | 66.5 (9.2) | <  0.0001 |
Female sex | 2009 (51.5) | 1548 (49.0) | 373 (65.0) | 88 (51.5) | <  0.0001 |
Marital Status | |||||
 Married/ partnered | 2469 (63.2) | 2086 (66.0) | 278 (48.4) | 105 (61.4) | < 0.0001 |
 Separated/Divorced | 442 (11.3) | 312 (09.9) | 109 (19.0) | 21 (12.3) |  |
 Widowed | 904 (23.2) | 701 (22.2) | 164 (28.6) | 39 (22.8) |  |
 Never married | 89 (02.3) | 60 (01.9) | 23 (04.0) | 06 (03.5) |  |
Education | |||||
 Less than High School/GED | 1150 (29.5) | 831 (26.3) | 243 (42.3) | 76 (44.4) | < 0.0001 |
 High-school graduate | 1247 (31.9) | 1052 (33.3) | 166 (28.9) | 29 (17.0) |  |
 Some college and above | 1507 (38.6) | 1276 (40.4) | 165 (27.8) | 66 (38.6) |  |
Disease conditions | |||||
 Diabetes | 1934 (49.6) | 1440 (45.6) | 387 (67.4) | 107 (62.6) | <  0.0001 |
 Heart Disease | 2525 (64.7) | 2155 (68.2) | 286 (49.8) | 84 (49.1) | < 0.0001 |
 Diabetes & Heart Disease | 649 (16.9) | 516 (16.6) | 108 (19.2) | 25 (15.4) | 0.001 |
Behavioral factors | |||||
 Ever smoked | 2363 (60.9) | 1925 (61.3) | 341 (60.0) | 97 (57.4) | 0.5366 |
 Current alcohol use | 1773 (45.4) | 1540 (48.8) | 175 (30.5) | 58 (33.9) | < 0.0001 |
Life-course stressors | |||||
 0 events | 734 (19.2) | 567 (18.3) | 129 (23.3) | 38 (23.0) | 0.0524 |
 1 event | 1041 (27.2) | 857 (27.6) | 144 (26.0) | 40 (24.2) |  |
 2 events | 888 (23.2) | 737 (23.8) | 121 (21.8) | 30 (18.2) |  |
 3+ events | 1157 (30.3) | 940 (30.3) | 160 (28.9) | 57 (34.6) |  |
Recent stressors | |||||
 0 events | 3209 (82.2) | 2641 (83.6) | 443 (77.2) | 125 (73.1) | < 0. 0001 |
 1 event | 533 (13.7) | 398 (12.6) | 105 (18.3) | 30 (17.5) |  |
 2+ events | 162 (04.1) | 120 (03.8) | 26 (04.5) | 16 (09.4) |  |
Cumulative stressors | |||||
 0 events | 662 (17.3) | 518 (16.7) | 111 (20.0) | 33 (20.0) | 0.2315 |
 1 event | 937 (24.5) | 769 (24.8) | 133 (24.0) | 35 (21.2) |  |
 2 events | 878 (23.0) | 731 (23.6) | 115 (20.8) | 32 (19.4) |  |
 3+ events | 1343 (35.1) | 1083 (34.9) | 195 (35.2) | 65 (39.4) |  |
Lifetime Discrimination | |||||
 0 events | 2694 (70.0) | 2236 (71.6) | 348 (62.0) | 110 (65.1) | <  0.0001 |
 1 event | 689 (17.9) | 559 (17.9) | 94 (16.8) | 36 (21.3) |  |
 2+ events | 468 (12.1) | 326 (10.5) | 119 (21.2) | 23 (13.6) |  |
Everyday Discrimination | |||||
 0 events | 1742 (45.0) | 1429 (45.6) | 238 (41.9) | 75 (44.4) | 0.2252 |
 1 event | 1133 (29.3) | 914 (29.2) | 164 (28.9) | 55 (32.5) |  |
 2+ events | 994 (25.7) | 789 (25.2) | 166 (29.2) | 39 (23.1) |  |
Chronic work Discrimination | |||||
 0 events | 764 (84.9) | 600 (85.7) | 119 (81.5) | 45 (83.3) | 0.4782 |
 1+ events | 136 (15.1) | 100 (14.3) | 27 (18.5) | 09 (16.7) |  |
Self-rated health | |||||
 Excellent | 865 (22.2) | 758 (24.0) | 81 (14.1) | 26 (15.2) | < 0.0001 |
 Good | 1384 (35.4) | 1161 (36.8) | 171 (29.8) | 52 (30.4) |  |
 Poor | 1653 (42.4) | 1238 (39.2) | 322 (56.1) | 93 (54.4) |  |