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Table 3 Crude and adjusted odds ratios for risk factors associated with pre-diabetes and T2DM

From: Modifiable risk factors associated with non-communicable diseases among adult outpatients in Manzini, Swaziland: a cross-sectional study

 

Pre-diabetes

T2DM

 

COR

95% CI

AOR

95% CI

COR

95% CI

AOR

95% CI

Education

No formal education

1

   

1

   

 Primary

0.426

0.11–1.61

  

0.893

0.23–3.52

  

 Secondary or higher

0.283*

0.09–0.95

  

0.377

0.10–1.43

  

SES

 Lower

1

   

1

   

 Middle

0.662

0.22–1.97

  

0.315*

0.11–0.90

  

 Higher

1.337

0.52–3.46

  

0.625

0.26–1.51

  

Physical activitya

 No

1

   

1

   

 Yes

1.250

0.55–2.82

  

0.642

0.28–1.46

  

Smoking history

 No

1

 

 1

 

1

   

 Yes

8.684***

2.55–29.58

8.895*

2.27–34.82

1.579

0.73–3.44

  

Alcohol use

 No

1

   

1

   

 Yes

1.333

0.56–3.18

  

1.569

0.67–3.67

  

Sweet drink consumption

 No

1

 

1

 

1

 

 1

 

 Yes

2.516

0.98–6.46

3.479*

1.08–11.65

1.986

0.85–4.64

3.185*

1.04–4.75

Salty processed food

 No

1

   

1

 

1

 

 Yes

4.048*

1.48–11.04

  

8.434**

2.50–28.48

7.01*

1.77–5.72

Fruits consumption

 No

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 Yes

0.206***

0.09–0.48

0.261*

0.09–0.76

0.122***

0.05–0.30

0.120***

0.04–0.38

Vegetables consumption

 No

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 Yes

0.048***

0.02–0.14

0.048***

0.02–0.15

0.032***

0.01–0.10

0.047***

0.01–0.16

  1. AOR Adjusted odds ratio; 95% CI 95% Confidence interval; COR Crude odds ratio; SES Socio-economic status.
  2. a Participants meet the WHO recommended physical activity per week.
  3. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001, ***P < 0.0001