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Table 1 Characteristics of the study population according to glucose metabolism status and gender

From: Modifiable risk factors associated with non-communicable diseases among adult outpatients in Manzini, Swaziland: a cross-sectional study

 

Men (n = 197)

Women (n = 188)

 

Normal n (%)

Pre-diabetes n (%)

T2DM a n (%)

p-value

Normal n (%)

Pre-diabetes n (%)

T2DM n(%)

p-value

n (%)

177 (46.0)

14 (3.6)

6 (1.6)

 

155 (40.3)

11 (2.8)

22 (5.7)

 

Mean age (years) n (SD)b

35.76 (15.43)

41.36 (15.92)

46.00 (18.52)

0.138

37.53(14.51)

51.18 (18.26)

44.50 (18.48)

0.004**

Age group (years)

   

0.247

   

0.062

 18–27

63 (92.6)

4 (5.9)

1 (1.5)

 

46 (86.8)

2 (3.8)

5 (9.4)

 

 28–37

55 (93.2)

3 (5.1)

1 (1.7)

 

39 (92.9)

0 (0.0)

3 (7.1)

 

 38–47

24 (88.9)

1 (3.7)

2 (7.4)

 

37 (84.1)

1 (2.3)

6 (13.6)

 

 48–57

11 (78.6)

3 (21.4)

0 (0.0)

 

15 (68.2)

4 (18.2)

3 (13.6)

 

 58–67

12 (75.0)

3 (18.8)

1 (6.2)

 

12 (70.6)

2 (11.8)

3 (17.6)

 

  ≥ 68

12 (92.3)

0 (0.0)

1 (7.7)

 

 6 (60.0)

 2 (20.0)

 2 (20.0)

 

Hypertension status

   

0.334

   

0.248

 Normal

62 (91.2)

3 (4.4)

3 (4.4)

 

65 (87.5)

1 (1.4)

8 (10.8)

 

 Elevated (Pre-hypertension)

30 (90.9)

2 (6.1)

1 (3.0)

 

21 (87.5)

1 (4.2)

2 (8.3)

 

 Stage 1

59 (93.7)

3 (4.8)

1 (1.6)

 

38 (76.0)

6 (12.0)

6 (12.0)

 

 Stage 2

26 (78.8)

6 (18.2)

1 (3.0)

 

31 (77.5)

3 (7.5)

6 (15.0)

 

Body mass index

   

0.171

   

0.398

 Underweight

18 (94.7)

1 (5.3)

0 (0.0)

 

2 (100.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

 Normal

117 (92.1)

5 (4.0)

4 (3.2)

 

53 (88.3)

1 (1.7)

6 (10.0)

 

 Overweight

31 (79.5)

6 (15.4)

2 (5.1)

 

49 (77.8)

4 (6.3)

10 (15.9)

 

 Obese

11 (84.6)

2 (15.4)

0 (0.0)

 

51 (81.0)

6 (9.5)

6 (9.5)

 

Waist circumference

   

0.121

   

0.224

 Normal

156 (90.7)

10 (5.8)

6 (3.5)

 

43 (89.6)

1 (2.1)

4 (8.3)

 

  ≥ 94 cm (men)/≥80 cm (women)

21 (84.0)

4 (16.0)

0 (0.0)

 

112 (80.0)

10 (7.1)

18 (12.9)

 

Waist-to-hip ratio

   

0.069

   

0.832

 Normal

164 (91.6)

11 (6.1)

4 (2.2)

 

51 (83.6)

4 (6.6)

6 (9.8)

 

  ≥ 0.95 (men)/≥0.80 (women)

13 (72.2)

3 (16.7)

2 (11.1)

 

104 (81.9)

7 (5.5)

16 (12.6)

 

Education

   

0.547

   

0.220

 No formal education

9 (81.8)

2 (18.2)

0 (0.0)

 

10 (66.7)

2 (13.3)

3 (20.0)

 

 Primary

39 (86.7)

4 (8.9)

2 (4.4)

 

39 (76.8)

3 (5.9)

9 (17.6)

 

 Secondary or higher

129 (91.5)

8 (5.7)

4 (2.8)

 

106 (86.9)

6 (4.9)

10 (8.2)

 

Socio-economic status

  

0.248

   

0.487

 Lower

55 (87.3)

5 (7.9)

3 (4.8)

 

50 (78.1)

3 (4.7)

11 (17.2)

 

 Middle

68 (95.8)

2 (2.8)

1 (1.4)

 

51 (86.4)

4 (6.8)

4 (6.8)

 

 Higher

54 (85.7)

7 (11.1)

2 (3.2)

 

54 (83.1)

4 (6.2)

7 (10.8)

 

Physical activity

   

0.937

   

0.866

 No

84 (90.3)

6 (6.5)

3 (3.2)

 

107 (82.3)

7 (5.4)

16 (12.3)

 

 Yes

93 (89.4)

8 (7.7)

3 (2.9)

 

48 (82.8)

4 (6.9)

6 (10.3)

 

Smoking history

   

0.022*

   

0.001*

 No

91 (95.8)

3 (3.2)

1 (1.1)

 

89 (89.0)

0 (0.0)

11 (11.0)

 

 Yes

86 (84.3)

11 (10.8)

5 (4.9)

 

66 (75.0)

11 (12.5)

11 (12.5)

 

Alcohol use

   

0.740

   

0.570

 No

68 (91.6)

4 (5.4)

2 (2.7)

 

60 (85.7)

4 (5.7)

6 (8.6)

 

 Yes

109 (88.6)

10 (8.1)

4 (3.3)

 

95 (80.5)

7 (5.9)

16 (13.6)

 
  1. a T2DM, Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  2. b SD, Standard deviation.
  3. **p < 0.05 according to univariate ANOVA
  4. * p < 0.05 according to chi square Pearson statistic or Likelihood ratio
  5. n Number