TY - BOOK PY - 2011 DA - 2011// TI - Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010 PB - World Health Organization CY - Geneva ID - ref1 ER - TY - BOOK PY - 2018 DA - 2018// TI - Noncommunicable diseases country profiles 2018 PB - World Health Organisation CY - Geneva ID - ref2 ER - TY - JOUR PY - 2016 DA - 2016// TI - Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4·4 million participants JO - Lancet VL - 387 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00618-8 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00618-8 ID - ref3 ER - TY - BOOK PY - 2019 DA - 2019// TI - IDF Diabetes Atlas PB - International Diabetes Federation CY - Brussels, Belgium ID - ref4 ER - TY - STD TI - Rhee SY, Woo JT. The pre-diabetic period: review of clinical aspects. Diabetes Metab J 2011; 35(2): 107–116. https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.2.107. ID - ref5 ER - TY - STD TI - Tabák AG, Herder C, Rathmann W, Brunner EJ, Kivimäki M. Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development. Lancet. 2012; 379(9833): 2279–2290. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60283-9. ID - ref6 ER - TY - BOOK PY - 2013 DA - 2013// TI - A global brief on hypertension PB - World Health Organization CY - Geneva ID - ref7 ER - TY - STD TI - Zhou B, Bentham J, Di Cesare M, Bixby H, et al., For NCD risk collaboration. Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19·1 million participants. Lancet 2017; 389(10064): 37–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31919-5. ID - ref8 ER - TY - STD TI - Mendis S, O’Brien E, Seedat YK, Yusuf S. Hypertension and diabetes: entry points for prevention and control of the global cardiovascular epidemic. Int J Hypertens. 2013;(2013):1–3. ID - ref9 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Knowler, W. C. AU - Barrett-Connor, E. AU - Fowler, S. E. AU - Hamman, R. F. AU - Lachin, J. M. AU - Walker, E. A. PY - 2002 DA - 2002// TI - Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin JO - N Engl J Med VL - 7 ID - Knowler2002 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kontis, V. AU - Mathers, C. D. AU - Rehm, J. PY - 2014 DA - 2014// TI - Contribution of six risk factors to achieving the 25×25 noncommunicable disease mortality reduction target: a modelling study JO - Lancet. VL - 384 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60616-4 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60616-4 ID - Kontis2014 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bertram, M. Y. AU - Vos, T. PY - 2010 DA - 2010// TI - Quantifying the duration of pre-diabetes JO - Aust New Zeal J Publ Health VL - 34 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.2010.00532.x DO - 10.1111/j.1753-6405.2010.00532.x ID - Bertram2010 ER - TY - STD TI - Penn, L., White, M., Oldroyd, J. et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes in adults with impaired glucose tolerance: the European diabetes prevention RCT in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK BMC Public Health 2009; 9: 342. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-342. ID - ref13 ER - TY - STD TI - Muraki I, Imamura F, Manson JE, et al. Fruit consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three prospective longitudinal cohort studies. BMJ. 2013;347. ID - ref14 ER - TY - STD TI - Ministry of Health. Annual Noncommunicable Diseases Program Report Mbabane: Ministry of Health; 2016. ID - ref15 ER - TY - STD TI - Gbadamosi MA, Tlou B. Prevalence of abnormal glucose metabolism among adults attending an outpatient department at a tertiary referral hospital in Swaziland: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2020; 20: 392. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08489-9. ID - ref16 ER - TY - BOOK PY - 2003 DA - 2003// TI - Screening for type 2 diabetes: report of a World Health Organization and international diabetes federation meeting PB - World Health Organization CY - Geneva ID - ref17 ER - TY - STD TI - Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines. Hypertension. 2018; 71(6): e13-e115. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYP.0000000000000065. ID - ref18 ER - TY - BOOK PY - 2000 DA - 2000// TI - Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic PB - World Health Organization CY - WHO Technical Report Geneva ID - ref19 ER - TY - BOOK PY - 2011 DA - 2011// TI - Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: report of a WHO expert consultation, Geneva, 8–11 December 2008 PB - World Health Organization CY - Geneva ID - ref20 ER - TY - BOOK PY - 2012 DA - 2012// TI - Global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ) analysis guide PB - WHO CY - Geneva ID - ref21 ER - TY - BOOK PY - 2004 DA - 2004// TI - NIAAA council approves definition of binge drinking PB - Online CY - NIAAA ID - ref22 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bazzano, L. AU - Li, T. AU - Joshipura, K. AU - Hu, F. PY - 2008 DA - 2008// TI - Intake of fruit, vegetables, and fruit juices and risk of diabetes in women JO - Diabetes Care VL - 31 UR - https://doi.org/10.2337/dc08-0080 DO - 10.2337/dc08-0080 ID - Bazzano2008 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Villegas, R. AU - Shu, X. O. AU - Gao, Y. T. PY - 2008 DA - 2008// TI - Vegetable but not fruit consumption reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes in Chinese women JO - J Nutr VL - 138 UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/138.3.574 DO - 10.1093/jn/138.3.574 ID - Villegas2008 ER - TY - STD TI - Gudjinu HY, Sarfo B. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus among out-patients in ho, the Volta regional capital of Ghana: a case–control study. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:324. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2648-z. ID - ref25 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hung, H. C. AU - Joshipura, K. J. AU - Jiang, R. AU - Hu, F. B. AU - Hunter, D. AU - Smith-Warner, S. A. PY - 2004 DA - 2004// TI - Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of major chronic disease JO - J Natl Cancer Inst VL - 96 UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djh296 DO - 10.1093/jnci/djh296 ID - Hung2004 ER - TY - STD TI - Papier K, D’Este C, Bain C, Banwell C, Seubsman S, Sleigh A, Jordan S. Papier et al. Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and type 2 diabetes incidence in Thai adults: results from an 8-year prospective study. Nutr Diabetes. 2017; 7: e283. https://doi.org/10.1038/nutd.2017.27. ID - ref27 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Palmer, J. R. AU - Boggs, D. A. AU - Krishnan, S. AU - Hu, F. B. AU - Singer, M. AU - Rosenberg, L. PY - 2008 DA - 2008// TI - Sugar-sweetened beverages and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in African American women JO - Arch Intern Med VL - 168 UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.168.14.1487 DO - 10.1001/archinte.168.14.1487 ID - Palmer2008 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Schulze, M. B. AU - Manson, J. E. AU - Ludwig, D. S. AU - Colditz, G. A. AU - Stampfer, M. J. AU - Willett, W. C. AU - Hu, F. B. PY - 2004 DA - 2004// TI - Sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women JO - JAMA. VL - 292 UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.8.927 DO - 10.1001/jama.292.8.927 ID - Schulze2004 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Malik, V. S. AU - Popkin, B. M. AU - Bray, G. A. AU - Després, J. -. P. AU - Willett, W. C. AU - Hu, F. B. PY - 2010 DA - 2010// TI - Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes a meta-analysis JO - Diabetes Care VL - 33 UR - https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1079 DO - 10.2337/dc10-1079 ID - Malik2010 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bray, G. AU - Popkin, B. PY - 2013 DA - 2013// TI - Calorie-sweetened beverages and fructose: what have we learned 10 years later JO - Pediatr Obes VL - 8 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00171.x DO - 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00171.x ID - Bray2013 ER - TY - STD TI - Srour B, Fezeu LK, Kesse-Guyot E, et al. Ultra-processed food consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes among participants of the Nutri net-Santé prospective cohort. JAMA Intern Med. 2019;180(2):283–91. ID - ref32 ER - TY - STD TI - Mendonça RD, Lopes AC, Pimenta AM, Gea A, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Bes-Rastrollo M. Ultra-processed food consumption and the incidence of hypertension in a Mediterranean cohort: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra project. Am J Hypertens 2017; 30(4): 358–366. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpw137. ID - ref33 ER - TY - STD TI - Aramo C, Oyom AP, Okello E, Acam V, Okiria JC, Mwambi B, Oyet C. Assessing the prevalence and risk factors of pre-diabetes among the community of Iganga municipality, Uganda: a cross sectional study BMC Res Notes 2019; 12: 553. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4589-1. ID - ref34 ER - TY - STD TI - Nakanishi N, Nakamura K, Matsuo Y, Suzuki K, Tatara K. Cigarette smoking and risk for impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Japanese men. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133: 183–191. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-133-3-200008010-00009.37. ID - ref35 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Attval, S. AU - Fowelin, J. AU - Lager, I. AU - Schenck, H. AU - Smith, U. PY - 1993 DA - 1993// TI - Smoking induces insulin resistance-a potential link to the insulin resistance syndrome JO - J Intern Med VL - 233 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.1993.tb00680.x DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2796.1993.tb00680.x ID - Attval1993 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kakako, S. L. AU - Oduola, T. AU - Dallatu, M. K. AU - Bako, H. AU - Ugwuoke, C. AU - Ali, A. I. PY - 2019 DA - 2019// TI - Prevalence of insulin resistance among cigarette smokers in Sokoto Metropolis JO - Eur J Nutr Food Saf VL - 10 UR - https://doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2019/v10i130096 DO - 10.9734/ejnfs/2019/v10i130096 ID - Kakako2019 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Agardh, E. AU - Allebeck, P. AU - Hallqvist, J. AU - Moradi, T. AU - Sidorchuk, A. PY - 2011 DA - 2011// TI - Type 2 diabetes incidence and socioeconomic position: a systematic review and meta-analysis JO - Int J Epidemiol VL - 40 UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyr029 DO - 10.1093/ije/dyr029 ID - Agardh2011 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Stringhini, S. AU - Tabak, A. G. AU - Akbaraly, T. N. PY - 2012 DA - 2012// TI - Contribution of modifiable risk factors to social inequalities in type 2 diabetes: prospective Whitehall ii cohort study JO - BMJ. VL - 345 UR - https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e5452 DO - 10.1136/bmj.e5452 ID - Stringhini2012 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Price, A. J. AU - Crampin, A. C. AU - Amberbir, A. PY - 2018 DA - 2018// TI - Prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes, and cascade of care in sub-Saharan Africa: a cross-sectional, population-based study in rural and urban Malawi JO - Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol VL - 6 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30432-1 DO - 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30432-1 ID - Price2018 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Addo, J. AU - Agyemang, C. PY - 2017 DA - 2017// TI - de-graft Aikins a et al. association between socioeconomic position and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Ghanaians in different geographic locations: the RODAM study JO - J Epidemiol Community Health VL - 71 UR - https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2016-208322 DO - 10.1136/jech-2016-208322 ID - Addo2017 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Adekanmbi, V. T. AU - Uthman, O. A. AU - Erqou, S. PY - 2019 DA - 2019// TI - Epidemiology of pre-diabetes and diabetes in Namibia, Africa: a multilevel analysis JO - J Diabetes VL - 11 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.12829 DO - 10.1111/1753-0407.12829 ID - Adekanmbi2019 ER - TY - STD TI - Mohammed SF, Mwangi M, Mutua MK et al. Prevalence and factors associated with pre-diabetes and diabetes mellitus in Kenya: results from a national survey. BMC Public Health 2018; 18(Suppl 3):1215. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6053-x. ID - ref43 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Sacerdote, C. AU - Ricceri, F. AU - Rolandsson, O. PY - 2012 DA - 2012// TI - Lower educational level is a predictor of incident type 2 diabetes in European countries: the EPIC-InterAct study JO - Int J Epidemiol VL - 41 UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dys091 DO - 10.1093/ije/dys091 ID - Sacerdote2012 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Agardh, E. E. AU - Sidorchuk, A. AU - Hallqvist, J. PY - 2011 DA - 2011// TI - Burden of type 2 diabetes attributed to lower educational levels in Sweden JO - Popul Health Metrics VL - 9 UR - https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-7954-9-60 DO - 10.1186/1478-7954-9-60 ID - Agardh2011 ER - TY - BOOK PY - 2015 DA - 2015// TI - 2014 WHO STEPS noncommunicable disease risk factor surveillance report PB - Ministry of Health CY - Mbabane ID - ref46 ER - TY - STD TI - Peer N, Steyn K, Lombard C, Gwebushe N, Levitt N. A high burden of hypertension in the urban black population of Cape Town: the cardiovascular risk in black south Africans (CRIBSA) study. PLoS One 2012; 8(11): e78567. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078567. ID - ref47 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Grønbæk, M. PY - 2009 DA - 2009// TI - The positive and negative health effects of alcohol- and the public health implications JO - J Intern Med VL - 265 UR - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2009.02082.x DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2009.02082.x ID - Grønbæk2009 ER - TY - BOOK PY - 2009 DA - 2009// TI - Global health risks: Mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks PB - World Health Organization CY - Geneva ID - ref49 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Okpechi, I. G. AU - Chukwuonye, I. I. AU - Tiffin, N. AU - Madukwe, O. O. AU - Onyeonoro, U. U. AU - Umeizudike, T. I. AU - Ogah, O. S. PY - 2013 DA - 2013// TI - Blood pressure gradients and cardiovascular risk factors in urban and rural populations in Abia state south eastern Nigeria using the WHO STEPwise approach JO - PLoS One VL - 8 UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073403 DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0073403 ID - Okpechi2013 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hu, G. AU - Barengo, N. AU - Tuomilehto, J. AU - Lakka, T. AU - Nissinen, A. AU - Jousilahti, P. PY - 2004 DA - 2004// TI - Relationship of physical activity and body mass index to the risk of hypertension: a prospective study in Finland JO - Hypertension. VL - 43 UR - https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000107400.72456.19 DO - 10.1161/01.HYP.0000107400.72456.19 ID - Hu2004 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Huang, D. AU - Refaat, M. AU - Mohammedi, K. AU - Jayyousi, A. AU - Suwaidi, J. AU - Abi, K. C. PY - 2017 DA - 2017// TI - Macrovascular complications in patients with diabetes and pre-diabetes JO - Biomed Res Int VL - 2017 ID - Huang2017 ER -