Table 1 Summary of findings (grouped by intervention type)

 Altena [15]

NR

Cognitive-behavioural interventions

Homeless

MH

Mixed

–

2

 Beresford [16]

NR

CBT

P depression

MH

Mixed

–

2

Behaviour

Not eff

–

3

 Fraser [17]

0–17

CBT, EMDR

Abuse/neglect

MH

Mixed

–

5

Behaviour

Mixed

–

5

 Howarth [18]

< 18

CBT

P IPV

MH

Not eff

SMD − 0.43 (−1.24 to 0.50)

–

 Macdonald [19]

< 18 (at ACE) < 25 (at study)

CBT

Sexual abuse

PTSD

Eff

After intervention SMD − 0.44 (−4.43 to − 1.53)

At 3–6 mo SMD − 0.39 (− 0.74 to − 0.04))

At ≥1 y SMD − 0.38 (− 0.65 to − 0.11)

6

Anxiety

Eff

After intervention SMD − 0.23 (− 0.42 to − 0.03)

At 3–67 mo SMD − 0.38 (95% CI − 0.61 to − 0.14)

At ≥1 y SMD − 0.28 (− 0.52 to − 0.04)

5

Sexualised behaviour

Not eff

After intervention MD − 0.65 (−3.53 to 2.24)

At 3–6 mo MD − 0.46 (−5.68 to 4.76)

At ≥1 y MD − 1.61 (− 5.72 to 2.49)

5

Externalising behaviour

Not eff

After intervention SMD − 0.12 (− 0.40 to 0.17)

At 3–6 mo SMD − 0.11 (− 0.42 to 0.21)

At ≥1y SMD 0.05 (− 0.16 to 0.27)

7

Depression

Mixed

After intervention MD −2.83 (−4.53 to −1.13)

At 3–6 mo MD − 1.76 (−3.33 to −0.20)

At ≥1 y MD − 1.42 (− 2.91 to 0.06)

5

Other abuse/neglect

MH

Eff

–

5

Behaviour

Mixed

–

5

 Wethington [20]

≤21

CBT

Sexual abuse

Anxiety

Not eff

SMD −0.23 (−0.48 to 0.01)

4

Depression

Not eff

SMD −0.03 (−0.28 to 0.21)

4

PTSD

Not eff

SMD −0.29 (−0.69 to 0.11)

4

 Wilen [21]

NR (at ACE)

> 18 (at study)

CBT

Sexual abuse

PTSD

Not eff

SMD − 0.06 (− 0.49 to 0.37)

2

 Altena [15]

NR

Brief motivational interviewing

Homeless

Drug/alcohol use

Not eff

–

2

 BC Centre [22]

NR

Mother-child psychotherapy

P IPV

Behaviour

Eff

–

2

MH

Eff

–

2

 Howarth [18]

< 18

Psychotherapy

P IPV

MH

Not eff

SMD −0.51 (−1.13 to 0.10)

–

 Kinsey [23]

NR

Relational psychological interventions

LACYP

Behaviour

Mixed

–

2

 Macdonald [19]

< 18 (at ACE)

< 25 (at study)

Group activity-based therapies

Abuse/neglect

MH

Mixed

–

3

Multisystemic family therapy

MH

Eff

–

3

Family-based systemic interventions

Behaviour

Mixed

–

3

Group therapy

MH

Eff

–

2

Behaviour

Mixed

–

3

Psychotherapy and counselling

MH

Mixed

–

1

Behaviour

Mixed

–

4

 Wilen [21]

NR (at ACE)

> 18 (at study)

Humanistic therapy

Sexual abuse

PTSD

Not eff

SMD −0.14 (− 0.53 to 0.26)

3

 Howarth [18]

< 18

Psychoeducation (child + parent)

P IPV

MH

Not eff

SMD 0.05 (− 0.43 to 0.50)

–

Behaviour

Not eff

SMD −0.18 (− 0.57 to 0.23)

–

Psychoeducation (child only)

MH

Not eff

SMD −0.39 (− 0.80 to 0.02)

–

Behaviour

Not eff

SMD 0.27 (−0.21 to 0.77)

–

 Loechner [24]

≤18

Group psychoeducation

P depression

Depression (incidence)

Eff

At 6–15 mo RR 0.56 (0.40 to 0.77)

4

Depressive symptoms

Mixed

At 0–4 mo SMD −0.20 (− 0.34 to − 0.06))

At 5–12 mo SMD − 0.11 (− 0.25 to 0.03)

At 15–72 mo SMD − 0.05 (− 0.18 to 0.08)

6

 Macdonald [19]

< 18 (at ACE)

< 25 (at study)

Group psychoeducation

Abuse/neglect

MH

Mixed

–

7

Behaviour

Not eff

–

2

 BC Centre [22]

NR

Parent training + child therapy

P IPV

Behaviour

Eff

–

4

MH

Mixed

–

2

 Everson-Hock b [25]

Any

Foster carer training

LACYP

Behaviour

Mixed

–

3

 Fraser [17]

0–14

Foster carer training

LACYP

Behaviour

Mixed

–

4

 Howarth [18]

< 18

Parent training + advocacy

P IPV

Behaviour

Eff

SMD −0.46 (− 0.85 to −0.06)

–

MH

Not eff

SMD −0.31 (−1.04 to 0.46)

–

 Kemmis-Riggs [26]

NR

Foster carer training

LACYP

Behaviour

Mixed

–

12

Social

Mixed

–

3

 Kinsey [23]

NR

Foster carer training

LACYP

Behaviour

Mixed

–

5

 Macdonald [19]

< 18 (at ACE)

< 25 (at study)

Parent-child interaction therapy

Abuse/neglect

Behaviour

Mixed

–

2

 Montgomery [27]

0–18

Parent-child interaction therapy

Physical abuse

Behaviour

Mixed

–

2

 Troy [28]

3–18

Parent training

P in criminal justice system

Behaviour

Not eff

–

4

MH

Mixed

–

2

 Turner [29]

≤18

Group cognitive-behavioural foster carer training

LACYP

MH

Not eff

SMD 0.13 (− 0.71 to 0.96)

2

Behaviour

Not eff

SMD 0.23 (−0.06 to 0.52)

2

 Ziviani [30]

0–18

Foster carer training

LACYP

Behaviour

Not eff

–

2

 Howarth [18]

< 18

Advocacy

P IPV

MH

Not eff

SMD 0.07 (−0.23 to 0.38)

–

Behaviour

Not eff

SMD 0.18 (− 0.11 to 0.47)

–

 Jones [31]

NR

Case management

LACYP

Service receipt

Not eff

–

3

 Kinsey [23]

NR

‘Wraparound’ support

LACYP

MH

Eff

–

3

Behaviour

Mixed

–

2

 Macdonald [19]

< 18 (at ACE)

< 25 (at study)

Treatment foster care

Abuse/neglect

Behaviour

Mixed

–

4

MH

Mixed

–

2

Social

Not eff

–

2

 Ziviani [30]

0–18

Case management

LACYP

Behaviour

Eff

–

2

Social

Eff

–

2

Criminal behaviour

Mixed

–

2

 Evans [32]

≤18

Educational interventions

LACYP

Academic skills

Mixed

9

School attendance

Mixed

3

Macdonald [19]

< 18 (at ACE)

< 25 (at study)

Therapeutic day care

Abuse/neglect

MH

Eff

2

 Montgomery [27]

0–18

Therapeutic day care

Physical abuse

Social

Eff

2

 Coren [33]

0–24

Various interventions

Homeless

Alcohol or drug use

Not eff

Days alcohol use at 3 mo MD −0.56 (−1.13 to 0.01)

Days alcohol use at 6 mo MD 1.05 (−1.76 to 3.86)

Days alcohol use at 12 mo MD 0.63 (−2.23 to 3.48)

Drinking index score at 3 mo MD 1.08 (−4.42 to 6.57)

% days drug/alcohol use at 3 mo MD − 0.70 (−9.09 to 7.70)

% days drug/alcohol use at 6 mo MD − 2.15 (−9.82 to 5.53)

% days drug/alcohol use at 12 mo MD 5.87 (=5.06 to 16.79)

% days drug use at 3 mo MD 0.67 (−6.82 to 8.15)

% days drug use at 6 mo MD − 2.28 (− 11.53 to 6.96)

% days drug use at 12 mo MD −5.28 (− 13.79 to 3.23)

11

Sexual behaviour

Not eff

N times had sex at 3 mo MD −0.51 (−1.13 to 0.10)

N times had sex at 6 mo MD − 0.04 (− 0.22 to 0.13)

N partners at 3 mo MD − 0.56 (− 1.13 to 0.01)

N partners at 6 mo − 0.56 (− 1.13 to 0.01)

5

MH

Not eff

Self−esteem SMD 0.11 (−0.22 to 0.44)

Depression at 3 mo SMD − 0.03 (− 0.22 to 0.17)

Depression at 6 mo SMD 0.83 (− 0.88 to 2.55)

Depression at 12 mo SMD 1.28 (− 0.36 to 2.92)

7

Delinquency

Mixed

At 3 mo SMD −0.29 (− 0.54 to − 0.03)

At 6 mo SMD − 0.07 (− 0.52 to 0.37)

At 12 mo 0.31 (−1.58 to 2.20)

2

 Everson-Hock a [34]

NR

Support for transition from care

LACYP

Housing / independent living

Eff

–

6

Educational

Not eff

–

5

Employment

Not eff

–

6

Crime

Not eff

–

6

Homelessness

Not eff

–

4

MH

Not eff

–

3