Table 7 Comparison of knowledge about dietary supplements between pharmaceutical students and others
From: An educational intervention improved knowledge of dietary supplements in college students
Pre-intervention | Post-intervention | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strongly agree (%) | Agree (%) | Neither agree nor disagree (%) | Disagree (%) | Strongly disagree (%) | Z score | p-valuea | Strongly agree (%) | Agree (%) | Neither agree nor disagree (%) | Disagree (%) | Strongly disagree (%) | Z score | p-valuea | p-valueb | ||
Dietary supplements are safe, because they are just food items. | Pharmaceutical | 1.6 | 32.1 | 30.4 | 31.0 | 4.9 | −2.072 | 0.04 | 1.1 | 10.4 | 24.6 | 49.7 | 14.2 | −2.581 | 0.01 | < 0.01 |
Others | 4.2 | 44.4 | 18.8 | 29.2 | 3.5 | 1.4 | 22.4 | 22.4 | 45.5 | 8.4 | < 0.01 | |||||
Dietary supplements made from natural ingredients or herbs are safe. | Pharmaceutical | 0.6 | 40.4 | 32.2 | 21.9 | 4.9 | −2.456 | 0.01 | 1.1 | 10.4 | 27.9 | 49.7 | 10.9 | −3.667 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 |
Others | 5.6 | 48.6 | 23.6 | 20.1 | 2.1 | 3.5 | 25.1 | 28.7 | 34.3 | 8.4 | < 0.01 | |||||
Food additives should be avoided. | Pharmaceutical | 2.7 | 35.3 | 34.2 | 26.6 | 1.1 | 0.243 | 0.81 | 6.6 | 36.6 | 32.8 | 21.9 | 2.2 | 1.357 | 0.17 | 0.03 |
Others | 4.2 | 38.2 | 24.3 | 26.4 | 6.9 | 5.0 | 34.8 | 28.4 | 25.5 | 6.4 | 0.66 | |||||
Dietary supplements made from food items are safe. | Pharmaceutical | 1.6 | 44.0 | 31.5 | 21.2 | 1.6 | −0.895 | 0.37 | 1.1 | 12.6 | 24.0 | 49.2 | 13.1 | −3.191 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 |
Others | 7.0 | 43.0 | 26.8 | 21.1 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 21.7 | 33.6 | 35.7 | 8.4 | < 0.01 | |||||
The efficacy of commercial dietary supplements is confirmed and reliable. | Pharmaceutical | 1.6 | 15.2 | 36.4 | 39.7 | 7.1 | −0.757 | 0.45 | 1.1 | 6.0 | 14.7 | 51.1 | 27.2 | −2.646 | 0.01 | < 0.01 |
Others | 2.8 | 23.1 | 30.1 | 32.2 | 11.9 | 0.7 | 14.1 | 22.5 | 40.9 | 21.8 | < 0.01 | |||||
I want to use dietary supplements that have a good reputation. | Pharmaceutical | 2.2 | 38.6 | 16.9 | 33.2 | 9.2 | 2.310 | 0.02 | 1.6 | 8.2 | 18.5 | 47.8 | 23.9 | 1.058 | 0.29 | < 0.01 |
Others | 4.9 | 22.9 | 21.5 | 31.9 | 18.8 | 1.4 | 9.2 | 17.0 | 39.7 | 32.6 | < 0.01 | |||||
Dietary supplements recommended by health professionals are effective. | Pharmaceutical | 0.0 | 17.4 | 22.8 | 43.5 | 16.3 | 1.481 | 0.14 | 0.5 | 4.9 | 10.9 | 53.8 | 29.9 | 0.024 | 0.98 | < 0.01 |
Others | 2.1 | 14.0 | 22.4 | 43.5 | 29.4 | 1.4 | 6.3 | 15.5 | 40.9 | 35.9 | < 0.01 | |||||
Dietary supplements can be used concomitantly with medicines. | Pharmaceutical | 0.5 | 6.0 | 13.6 | 42.9 | 37.0 | −3.174 | < 0.01 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 6.5 | 39.7 | 52.7 | −1.654 | 0.10 | < 0.01 |
Others | 2.1 | 12.6 | 16.8 | 45.5 | 23.1 | 0.0 | 5.6 | 13.3 | 32.9 | 48.3 | < 0.01 | |||||
Dietary supplements can prevent diseases. | Pharmaceutical | 0.5 | 28.3 | 26.1 | 34.8 | 10.3 | 1.243 | 0.21 | 1.1 | 15.2 | 14.1 | 47.8 | 21.7 | −0.228 | 0.82 | < 0.01 |
Others | 1.4 | 25.0 | 20.8 | 38.2 | 14.6 | 2.1 | 17.6 | 18.3 | 33.8 | 28.2 | < 0.01 | |||||
Dietary supplements can treat diseases. | Pharmaceutical | 0.0 | 6.0 | 17.4 | 40.2 | 36.4 | −0.891 | 0.37 | 0.0 | 3.3 | 6.5 | 41.3 | 48.9 | −2.011 | 0.04 | < 0.01 |
Others | 0.7 | 7.0 | 19.6 | 39.9 | 32.9 | 0.0 | 2.8 | 17.5 | 38.5 | 41.3 | < 0.01 | |||||
Dietary supplements can compensate for an unbalanced diet. | Pharmaceutical | 0.5 | 23.9 | 21.7 | 40.8 | 13.0 | −0.150 | 0.88 | 1.1 | 12.1 | 19.8 | 44.0 | 23.1 | −0.427 | 0.67 | < 0.01 |
Others | 3.5 | 24.3 | 19.4 | 36.1 | 16.7 | 0.7 | 15.5 | 21.1 | 38.0 | 24.7 | < 0.01 | |||||
Children who are picky eaters should take dietary supplements to supplement nutrition. | Pharmaceutical | 1.1 | 12.0 | 16.9 | 47.3 | 22.8 | 0.427 | 0.67 | 0.5 | 6.0 | 10.9 | 47.8 | 34.8 | −1.445 | 0.15 | < 0.01 |
Others | 0.0 | 18.8 | 13.2 | 37.5 | 30.6 | 0.0 | 12.6 | 20.3 | 30.8 | 36.4 | 0.23 | |||||
Pregnant women should take dietary supplements to supplement nutrition. | Pharmaceutical | 1.6 | 11.5 | 25.7 | 46.5 | 14.8 | −3.724 | < 0.01 | 0.6 | 6.0 | 14.2 | 49.2 | 30.1 | −3.676 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 |
Others | 3.5 | 32.2 | 23.1 | 26.6 | 14.7 | 2.1 | 21.0 | 24.5 | 25.2 | 27.3 | < 0.01 | |||||
I want to use dietary supplements for weight loss or muscle building. | Pharmaceutical | 4.4 | 22.8 | 17.9 | 34.8 | 20.1 | 1.330 | 0.18 | 3.3 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 41.9 | 34.2 | −0.988 | 0.32 | < 0.01 |
Others | 3.5 | 21.5 | 16.0 | 29.9 | 29.2 | 2.8 | 15.5 | 16.9 | 29.6 | 35.2 | < 0.01 | |||||