Table 3 Number of studies addressing Integrated Behavior Model (IBM) constructs to increase uptake of cervical screening
The IBM construct was considered | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IBM construct | During intervention development | As target of intervention | As a measure/ outcome | Total number of studies addressing construct N (%) | Studies and description of how construct was considered |
Attitude | |||||
Experiential | 4 | 3 | 3 | 6 (31.6%) | Studies assessed attitudes and beliefs about cancer and screening and cited attitudes of health workers as a barrier to screening. Huchko 2018 [23], Mbachu 2017 [25], Modibbo 2017 [27], Moses 2015 [28], Okeke 2013 [30], Risi 2004 [31] |
Instrumental | 5 | 6 | 3 | 7 (36.8%) | Studies assessed perceptions of screening benefits, individual risk, and severity of cervical cancer. Motivational interviewing and incentivization interventions were used to overcome perceived barriers or increase perceived benefit. Adamu 2012 [15], Adonis 2014 [17], Hewett 2016 [22], Mbachu 2017 [25], Mehrotra 2014 [26], Okeke 2013 [30], Rosser 2015 [32] |
Perceived norm | |||||
Injunctive | 2 | 4 | 0 | 4 (21.1%) | Community health workers, peer educators, and personal escorts used to social influence to promote positive attitudes of screening. Chigbu 2017 [18], Hewett 2016 [22], Lafort 2018 [24], Mbachu 2017 [25] |
Descriptive | 1 | 3 | 1 | 4 (21.1%) | Culturally-relevant media and peer programs modeled screening behavior. Abiodun 2014 [15], Huchko 2018 [23], Lafort 2018 [24], Risi 2004 [31] |
Personal agency | |||||
Perceived control | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 (26.3%) | Barriers to screening were assessed. Abiodun 2014 [15], Adamu 2012 [16], Mbachu 2017 [25], Ndikom 2017 [29], Wright 2011 [33] |
Self-efficacy | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 (10.5%) | Motivational interviewing and screening demonstrations gave women confidence in their ability to screen and overcome identified barriers. |
Knowledge and skills to perform | 8 | 12 | 6 | 13 (68.4%) | Poor knowledge/awareness was cited as a major barrier to screening. Interventions used education to increase knowledge of cervical cancer, screening, and availability of screening services. Abiodun 2014 [15], Adamu 2012 [16], Adonis 2017 [17], Chigbu 2017 [18], Dreyer 2015 [19], Erwin 2019 [20], Gana 2017 [21], Mbachu 2017 [25], Ndikom 2017 [29], Okeke 2013 [30], Risi 2004 31], Rosser 2015 [32], Wright 2011 [33] |
Environmental constraints | 7 | 10 | 2 | 10 (52.6%) | Availability and accessibility of services were enhanced with free screening, transportation vouchers, and community-based screening. Studies measured type of transportation and distance to facility. Adamu 2012 [16], Dreyer 2015 [19], Erwin 2019 [20], Hewett 2016 [22], Huchko 2018 [23], Lafort 2018 [24], Modibbo 2017 [27], Moses 2015 [28], Okeke 2013 [30], Risi 2004 [31] |
Habit | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0%) | Studies did not address habitual screening behavior. |
Salience of behavior | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 (10.5) | Studies asked women if they would test again in the future and what their future screening preferences were. |
Intention to perform | 1 | 0 | 4 | 4 (21.1%) | Intention was measured as “willingness to screen” among participants. Abiodun 2014 15], Mbachu 2017 [25], Ndikom 2017 [29], Wright 2011 [33] |