Skip to main content

Table 2 Bivariate analysis of factors associated with depression and insomnia using the Chi-square test of independence

From: The effect of occupational stress on depression and insomnia: a cross-sectional study among employees in a Ghanaian telecommunication company

Characteristics

Depression n(%)

χ2, p

Insomnia n (%)

χ2, p

No (38)

Yes (197)

No (221)

Yes (13)

Overall occupational stress

  

0.86, 0.355

  

5.11, 0.024

Low

28 (73.68)

130 (65.99)

 

152 (68.78)

5 (38.46)

Excessive

10 (26.32)

67 (34.01)

 

69 (31.22)

8 (61.54)

Age groups

  

9.71, 0.008

  

0.064*

 20–29 years

13 (34.21)

113 (57.36)

 

29 (25,36)*

26 (25,27)*

 

 30–39 years

20 (52.63)

54 (27.41)

 40–49 years

5 (13.16)

30 (15.23)

Sex

  

3.08, 0.079

  

0.23, 0.634

 Males

25 (65.79)

99 (50.25)

 

117 (52.94)

6 (46.15)

 

 Females

13 (34.21)

98 (49.75)

 

104 (47.06)

7 (53.85)

Marital status

  

11.4, 0.001

  

8.60, 0.003

 Married

24 (63.16)

67 (34.01)

 

90 (40.72)

0

 

 Single

14 (36.84)

130 (65.99)

 

131 (59.28)

13 (100)

Dependents

  

3.90, 0.048

  

6.18, 0.013

 No

17 (44.74)

122 (61.93)

 

127 (57.47)

12 (92.31)

 

 Yes

21 (55.26)

75 (38.07)

 

94 (42.53)

1 (7.69)

Employment

  

7.06, 0.008

  

0.03, 0.872

 Permanent

30 (78.95)

110 (55.84)

 

131 (59.28)

8 (61.54)

 

 Contract

8 (21.05)

87 (44.16)

 

90 (40.72)

5 (38.46)

Job ranking

  

0.01, 0.930

  

0.63, 0.429

 Other

32 (84.21)

167 (84.77)

 

186 (84.16)

12 (92.31)

 

 Superior

6 (15.79)

30 (15.23)

 

35 (15.84)

1 (7.69)

Hours per week

  

0.65, 0.420

  

1.61, 0.204

 Regular

16 (42.11)

97 (49.24)

 

108 (48.87)

4 (30.77)

 

 Overtime

22 (57.89)

100 (50.76)

 

113 (51.13)

9 (69.23)

Work experience: median (LQ, UQ)

2 (1,4)

1.2 (0.67,3.5)

0.120

1.3 (0.75,4.0)

1 (0.67,1.25)

0.100

Alcohol intake

  

1.79, 0.181

  

2.50, 0.114

 No

34 (91.89)

164 (83.25)

 

189 (85.52)

9 (69.23)

 

 Yes

3 (8.11)

33 (16.75)

 

32 (14.48)

4 (30.77)

Smoking status

  

2.80, 0.094

  

0.07, 0.789

 No

37 (100)

183 (92.89)

 

208 (94.12)

12 (92.31)

 

 Yes

0

14 (7.11)

 

13 (5.88)

1 (7.69)

  1. * The Kruskal Wallis test was conducted to assess if insomnia significantly differed between age groups; p values in bold are statistically significant