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Table 1 Statistics of ZIP Code-Level Social Determinants of Health

From: Incorporating machine learning and social determinants of health indicators into prospective risk adjustment for health plan payments

SDH Variable

Mean [Median] (Std)

Median Income in the Past 12 Months, $

26,546 [25727] (6230)

Families Under 0.5 Ratio of Income to Poverty Level in the Past 12 Months, %

4.7 [4.3] (2.7)

Families Between 0.5 and 0.74 Ratio of Income to Poverty Level in the Past 12 Months, %

3.2 [3.0] (1.7)

Families Between 0.75 and 0.99 Ratio of Income to Poverty Level in the Past 12 Months, %

3.6 [3.4] (1.6)

Families Received Food Stamps/Snap in the Past 12 months, %

14.2 [13.6] (6.6)

Population Unemployed, %

5.4 [5.2] (1.9)

Gini Index of Income Inequality

45.2 [45.1] (3.6)

Population Obtained High School Diploma, %

43.0 [42.9] (4.8)

Population Obtained Bachelor’s Degree, %

16.1 [15.2] (6.2)

Population Speak English Less than “Very Well”, %

10.5 [5.6] (12.5)

Families with Single Parent, %

22.9 [22.7] (6.2)

Population Without Health Insurance Coverage, %

11.3 [10.6] (4.9)

Population African American, %

9.9 [4.5] (13.5)

Population Asian, %

2.9 [1.2] (4.7)

Population American Indian and Alaska Native, %

1.5 [0.3] (6.4)

Population Hispanic or Latino, %

11.9 [5.5] (15.8)

Population White, %

71.8 [77.7] (22.3)

  1. SDH variables were obtained from the 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-year estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau