Background characteristics | Nigeria | Ghana | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High-access | Medium-access | Low-access | Poor-access | High-access | Medium-access | Low-access | Poor-access | |
Reference category: Higher access | Reference category: Higher access | |||||||
Exp B (95% CI) | Exp B (95% CI) | Exp B (95% CI) | Exp B (95% CI) | Exp B (95% CI) | Exp B (95% CI) | Exp B (95% CI) | Exp B (95% CI) | |
Maternal age | 0.977c (0.963–0.992) | 0.980c (0.967–0.994) | 0.956c (0.930–0.982) | 0.965c (0.950–0.980) | 0.977b (0.957–0.997) | 0.984a (0.963–1.005) | 1.020 (0.995–1.047) | 0.961c (0.940–0.983) |
Number of children alive | 1.101c (1.045–1.16) | 1.087c (1.033–1.145) | 1.113b (1.016–1.220) | 1.126c (1.067–1.188) | 1.105b (1.016–1.201) | 1.088a (0.998–1.185) | 1.000 (0.899–1.113) | 1.239c (1.134–1.353) |
Marital status | ||||||||
Married (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Never married | 1.081 (0.722–1.619) | 0.894 (0.600–1.332) | 1.550 (0.676–3.551) | 1.382 (0.922–2.072) | 0.981 (0.699–1.377) | 0.713a (0.495–1.026) | 0.970 (0.628–1.498) | 0.880 (0.604–1.281) |
Widowed/separated/divorced | 1.252 (0.871–1.800) | 1.055 (0.729–1.527) | 1.248 (0.634–2.459) | 1.084 (0.740–1.588) | 0.978 (0.676–1.413) | 0.869 (0.59–1.278) | 0.803 (0.477–1.350) | 0.880 (0.591–1.310) |
Maternal Education | ||||||||
Secondary/ Higher (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
No education | 1.145 (0.902–1.454) | 0.690c (0.524–0.909) | 1.849c (1.247–2.742) | 1.431c (1.132–1.809) | 0.961 (0.702–1.316) | 0.962 (0.691–1.341) | 0.680a (0.43–1.076) | 1.542c (1.115–2.132) |
Primary | 1.034 (0.855–1.251) | 0.921 (0.763–1.111) | 1.786c (1.247–2.557) | 1.387c (1.140–1.687) | 0.975 (0.742–1.280) | 1.202 (0.914–1.580) | 0.594b (0.398–0.886) | 1.380b (1.036–1.838) |
Maternal Occupation | ||||||||
White collar (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Not working | 1.052 (0.779–1.421) | 1.097 (0.847–1.422) | 1.754 (0.752–4.093) | 1.579b (1.081–2.307) | 1.074 (0.644–1.79) | 0.771 (0.474–1.254) | 0.889 (0.535–1.476) | 1.076 (0.500–2.313) |
Services and manual | 1.492c (1.109–2.006) | 1.215 (0.940–1.570) | 2.422b (1.032–5.686) | 1.719c (1.172–2.522) | 1.168 (0.699–1.952) | 0.782 (0.479–1.276) | 0.437c (0.252–0.757) | 1.141 (0.527–2.468) |
Sales | 1.289a (0.979–1.698) | 1.300b (1.032–1.638) | 2.729b (1.198–6.219) | 2.001c (1.395–2.871) | 0.824 (0.511–1.329) | 0.576b (0.368–0.903) | 0.628b (0.4–0.987) | 0.779 (0.371–1.636) |
Agriculture | 1.697c (1.187–2.428) | 1.298 (0.922–1.826) | 4.253c (1.741–10.392) | 1.667b (1.076–2.584) | 1.781b (1.022–3.104) | 0.735 (0.426–1.266) | 0.539a (0.277–1.05) | 1.226 (0.561–2.682) |
Household Wealth | ||||||||
Richest (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Poorest | 4.726c (2.982–7.489) | 1.531 (0.855–2.740) | 3.230c (1.668–6.255) | 6.592c (4.247–10.233) | 3.732c (2.171–6.415) | 3.826c (2.16–6.775) | 1.889 (0.863–4.135) | 20.631c (10.086–42.199) |
Poorer | 2.750c (2.018–3.748) | 1.104 (0.796–1.533) | 1.580a (0.921–2.711) | 2.408c (1.75–3.312) | 2.514c (1.605–3.938) | 2.351c (1.479–3.737) | 1.679a (0.949–2.97) | 10.228c (5.352–19.544) |
Middle | 1.829c (1.433–2.334) | 0.832 (0.657–1.054) | 1.268 (0.795–2.023) | 1.810c (1.401–2.338) | 1.967c (1.363–2.838) | 1.684c (1.153–2.459) | 1.077 (0.705–1.645) | 6.376c (3.508–11.587) |
Richer | 1.476c (1.221–1.785) | 0.733c (0.616–0.873) | 0.665a (0.433–1.022) | 1.237b (1.006–1.522) | 1.263 (0.926–1.723) | 1.354a (0.991–1.851) | 0.627c (0.447–0.881) | 1.328 (0.713–2.474) |
Residence | ||||||||
Urban (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Rural | 0.654c (0.550–0.779) | 1.086 (0.914–1.290) | 0.539c (0.384–0.757) | 0.817b (0.678–0.985) | 1.149 (0.889–1.483) | 1.303a (0.999–1.699) | 0.646b (0.453–0.921) | 2.139c (1.600–2.86) |
Has health insurance | ||||||||
Yes (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
No | 1.167 (0.770–1.770) | 0.789 (0.574–1.085) | 0.563 (0.274–1.156) | 1.570a (0.926–2.661) | 1.146 (0.923–1.422) | 1.260b (1.009–1.573) | 1.209 (0.919–1.590) | 1.888c (1.500–2.376) |
Religion | ||||||||
Other Christian (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Catholic | 1.244a (0.970–1.595) | 1.582a (1.269–1.973) | 1.355 (0.847–2.166) | 0.952 (0.709–1.278) | 0.710b (0.505–0.998) | 0.698b (0.492–0.99) | 0.496c (0.300–0.820) | 0.679b (0.470–0.980) |
vTraditionalist/ none | 0.643 (0.249–1.661) | 0.470 (0.165–1.340) | 0.379 (0.034–4.263) | 0.470 (0.154–1.432) | 1.031 (0.719–1.478) | 0.763 (0.524–1.113) | 0.825 (0.500–1.363) | 0.781 (0.528–1.154) |
Islam | 0.992 (0.810–1.214) | 0.916 (0.760–1.104) | 1.429a (0.971–2.105) | 0.976 (0.783–1.215) | 1.112 (0.644–1.921) | 1.294 (0.724–2.314) | 2.472c (1.263–4.837) | 2.244c (1.351–3.726) |
Need permission for medical help | ||||||||
Not a big problem (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Big problem | 0.990 (0.709–1.384) | 0.781 (0.540–1.128) | 0.620 (0.312–1.232) | 1.016 (0.730–1.415) | 1.097 (0.711–1.691) | 0.816 (0.525–1.267) | 0.478b (0.23–0.993) | 0.840 (0.532–1.328) |
Need money for medical help | ||||||||
Not a big problem (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Big problem | 0.996 (0.843–1.178) | 0.879 (0.744–1.037) | 1.033 (0.768–1.389) | 1.304c (1.100–1.547) | 0.999 (0.794–1.256) | 1.239a (0.977–1.572) | 0.668b (0.487–0.916) | 0.889 (0.693–1.14) |
Distance to health facility | ||||||||
Not a big problem (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Big problem | 1.211a (0.974–1.506) | 1.652c (1.327–2.057) | 1.109 (0.760–1.620) | 1.510c (1.216–1.876) | 0.756a (0.569–1.005) | 0.971 (0.729–1.292) | 1.315 (0.899–1.924) | 1.099 (0.827–1.461) |
Do not want to visit health facility alone | ||||||||
Not a big problem (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Big problem | 0.869 (0.632–1.196) | 0.982 (0.714–1.351) | 0.859 (0.471–1.565) | 0.791 (0.566–1.106) | 1.020 (0.728–1.427) | 0.932 (0.658–1.321) | 0.930 (0.592–1.462) | 1.431b (1.02–2.008) |
Heard family planning on radio last few months | ||||||||
Yes (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
No | 1.008 (0.797–1.275) | 0.776b (0.612–0.983) | 0.418c (0.240–0.730) | 0.546c (0.419–0.712) | 1.180 (0.937–1.487) | 1.515c (1.193–1.925) | 1.314a (0.968–1.784) | 1.212 (0.946–1.554) |
Heard family planning on TV last few months | ||||||||
Yes (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
No | 0.917 (0.768–1.095) | 0.934 (0.785–1.112) | 0.928 (0.670–1.286) | 1.075 (0.896–1.290) | 1.090 (0.848–1.399) | 0.852 (0.656–1.105) | 0.773 (0.554–1.077) | 0.923 (0.704–1.21) |
Heard family planning in print last few months | ||||||||
Yes (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
No | 0.861 (0.708–1.047) | 0.877 (0.729–1.053) | 1.384 (0.885–2.165) | 1.068 (0.861–1.324) | 1.733b (1.042–2.883) | 0.930 (0.588–1.473) | 1.526 (0.909–2.562) | 1.195 (0.614–2.324) |
Region (Nigeria) | ||||||||
South West (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – |
North Central | 0.377c (0.286–0.499) | 0.335c (0.264–0.425) | 0.666 (0.381–1.166) | 0.343c (0.250–0.470) | – | – | – | – |
North East | 0.427c (0.302–0.603) | 0.061c (0.039–0.096) | 1.162 (0.632–2.136) | 0.596c (0.418–0.850) | – | – | – | – |
North West | 0.206c (0.145–0.292) | 0.030c (0.020–0.046) | 0.344c (0.178–0.665) | 0.346c (0.242–0.492) | – | – | – | – |
South East | 1.112 (0.736–1.681) | 0.771 (0.554–1.073) | 1.712 (0.635–4.618) | 0.961 (0.567–1.629) | – | – | – | – |
South South | 1.031 (0.767–1.387) | 0.319c (0.244–0.417) | 0.248a (0.107–0.577) | 1.401b (1.019–1.928) | – | – | – | – |
Region | ||||||||
Greater Accra (ref) | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Western | – | – | – | – | 0.369c (0.237–0.576) | 1.444a (0.948–2.198) | 1.013 (0.625–1.64) | 1.340 (0.767–2.342) |
Central | – | – | – | – | 0.994 (0.666–1.483) | 1.596b (1.036–2.459) | 1.171 (0.721–1.904) | 2.101c (1.211–3.648) |
Volta | – | – | – | – | 1.133 (0.695–1.849) | 0.480c (0.274–0.841) | 0.411c (0.208–0.811) | 0.834 (0.452–1.539) |
Region (continued) | ||||||||
Eastern | – | – | – | – | 0.444c (0.288–0.684) | 1.228 (0.804–1.874) | 0.570b (0.333–0.977) | 1.253 (0.733–2.142) |
Ashanti | – | – | – | – | 0.900 (0.633–1.279) | 2.429c (1.681–3.511) | 1.660c (1.131–2.435) | 1.093 (0.633–1.888) |
Brong Ahafo | – | – | – | – | 0.648a (0.415–1.01) | 1.705b (1.075–2.705) | 1.690b (1.014–2.818) | 0.871 (0.478–1.587) |
Northern | – | – | – | – | 2.036b (1.163–3.564) | 0.753 (0.382–1.484) | 0.225b (0.071–0.711) | 2.962c (1.489–5.891) |
Upper East | – | – | – | – | 3.661c (1.92–6.98) | 1.161 (0.542–2.486) | 0.762 (0.249–2.329) | 0.665 (0.287–1.541) |
Upper West | – | – | – | – | 1.789 (0.713–4.489) | 7.466c (3.195–17.443) | 0.348 (0.033–3.654) | 2.861b (1.079–7.586) |
Ethnicity (Nigeria) | ||||||||
Yoruba (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | ||||
Other minorities | 0.541c (0.412–0.71) | 0.987 (0.780–1.249) | 1.223 (0.677–2.208) | 0.816 (0.603–1.105) | – | – | – | – |
Fulani | 0.681 (0.405–1.143) | 0.868 (0.400–1.883) | 0.897 (0.376–2.139) | 0.881 (0.529–1.466) | – | – | – | – |
Igbo | 0.759 (0.519–1.109) | 1.808c (1.336–2.447) | 1.014 (0.378–2.722) | 0.495c (0.305–0.803) | – | – | – | – |
Hausa | 0.862 (0.59–1.259) | 1.177 (0.760–1.822) | 2.231b (1.122–4.438) | 1.416a (0.965–2.078) | – | – | – | – |
Ethnicity (Ghana) | ||||||||
Akan (ref) | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Ga/Dangme | – | – | – | – | 1.592b (1.068–2.374) | 1.286 (0.813–2.035) | 1.456 (0.892–2.376) | 1.319 (0.776–2.243) |
Ewe | – | – | – | – | 0.647b (0.438–0.957) | 1.469b (1.019–2.119) | 1.633b (1.076–2.477) | 1.154 (0.764–1.743) |
Guan | – | – | – | – | 1.544 (0.676–3.525) | 3.760c (1.678–8.424) | 7.107c (3.037–16.632) | 1.639 (0.674–3.988) |
Mole-Dagbani | – | – | – | – | 0.754 (0.494–1.150) | 1.391a (0.927–2.088) | 1.605a (0.955–2.698) | 1.056 (0.676–1.649) |
Grusi | – | – | – | – | 0.850 (0.463–1.561) | 1.102 (0.587–2.07) | 1.056 (0.441–2.527) | 1.113 (0.564–2.199) |
Gurma | – | – | – | – | 0.795 (0.438–1.443) | 1.249 (0.658–2.373) | 0.929 (0.33–2.615) | 1.438 (0.792–2.613) |
Mande | – | – | – | – | 0.604 (0.318–1.149) | 1.257 (0.651–2.425) | 0.840 (0.34–2.071) | 1.252 (0.627–2.497) |
Attitude of the health workers | ||||||||
Not a big problem (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – |
Big problem | 1.707c (1.314–2.217) | 1.361c (1.098–1.686) | 0.809 (0.450–1.455) | 2.495c (1.748–3.56) | – | – | – | – |