Background characteristics | Nigeria | Ghana | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Medium-access | Poor-access | Medium-access | Poor-access | |
Reference category: High access | Reference category: High access | |||
Exp B (95% CI) | Exp B (95% CI) | Exp B (95% CI) | Exp B (95% CI) | |
Maternal age | 1.018a (0.998–1.038) | 1.015b (1.001–1.029) | 1.047c (1.023–1.072) | 1.037c (1.019–1.055) |
Number of children alive | 0.940a (0.878–1.007) | 0.774c (0.738–0.813) | 0.851c (0.777–0.931) | 0.849c (0.795–0.908) |
Marital status | ||||
Married (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Never married | 0.338c (0.185–0.619) | 0.550c (0.395–0.767) | 1.068 (0.705–1.617) | 1.359b (1.008–1.833) |
Widowed/separated/divorced | 1.038 (0.606–1.777) | 1.531b (1.052–2.228) | 1.004 (0.656–1.535) | 0.935 (0.695–1.258) |
Maternal Education | ||||
Secondary/ Higher (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
No education | 1.257 (0.776–2.037) | 2.544c (1.907–3.395) | 1.350 (0.941–1.938) | 1.527c (1.173–1.988) |
Primary | 0.825 (0.642–1.061) | 1.111 (0.939–1.314) | 0.817 (0.601–1.112) | 0.961 (0.774–1.192) |
Maternal Occupation | ||||
White collar (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Not working | 1.006 (0.706–1.435) | 1.135 (0.882–1.459) | 1.732b (1.027–2.921) | 2.194c (1.447–3.325) |
Services and manual | 1.134 (0.806–1.594) | 1.283b (1.002–1.642) | 1.227 (0.723–2.081) | 1.727c (1.137–2.622) |
Sales | 0.930 (0.687–1.258) | 0.987 (0.793–1.228) | 1.238 (0.771–1.987) | 1.686c (1.152–2.466) |
Agriculture | 0.805 (0.503–1.291) | 1.194 (0.867–1.646) | 1.378 (0.785–2.421) | 1.801c (1.164–2.786) |
Household Wealth | ||||
Richest (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Poorest | 0.762 (0.220–2.633) | 3.417c (1.825–6.396) | 0.947 (0.519–1.731) | 1.403 (0.895–2.200) |
Poorer | 1.026 (0.621–1.694) | 2.282c (1.669–3.120) | 0.781 (0.469–1.302) | 1.148 (0.786–1.677) |
Middle | 1.241 (0.899–1.714) | 1.979c (1.583–2.475) | 0.775 (0.508–1.183) | 0.997 (0.723–1.375) |
Richer | 1.232a (0.977–1.553) | 1.704c (1.448–2.006) | 0.928 (0.652–1.32) | 0.968 (0.734–1.277) |
Residence | ||||
Urban (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Rural | 1.092 (0.864–1.381) | 0.927 (0.785–1.093) | 0.748a (0.556–1.006) | 0.779b (0.624–0.974) |
Has health insurance | ||||
Yes (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
No | 0.909 (0.602–1.373) | 1.374b (1.011–1.867) | 0.320c (0.246–0.417) | 0.829b (0.699–0.983) |
Religion | ||||
Other Christian (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Catholic | 1.078 (0.811–1.433) | 1.048 (0.849–1.295) | 0.824 (0.57–1.19) | 0.891 (0.676–1.173) |
Traditionalist/ none | 1.324 (0.254–6.898) | 2.043 (0.625–6.678) | 1.128 (0.75–1.695) | 1.137 (0.840–1.538) |
Islam | 1.188 (0.915–1.542) | 1.474c (1.240–1.753) | 0.527b (0.297–0.932) | 1.109 (0.781–1.575) |
Need permission for medical help | ||||
Not a big problem (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Big problem | 1.247 (0.771–2.016) | 1.130 (0.792–1.611) | 1.036 (0.64–1.678) | 1.015 (0.705–1.462) |
Need money for medical help | ||||
Not a big problem (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Big problem | 1.041 (0.835–1.297) | 0.812c (0.697–0.947) | 1.297a (0.999–1.682) | 1.051 (0.868–1.273) |
Distance to health facility | ||||
Not a big problem (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Big problem | 0.771a (0.571–1.042) | 1.109 (0.904–1.360) | 1.237 (0.908–1.685) | 1.164 (0.923–1.466) |
Do not want to visit health facility alone | ||||
Not a big problem (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Big problem | 1.728b (1.112–2.685) | 1.407b (1.012–1.958) | 1.017 (0.705–1.465) | 1.020 (0.771–1.349) |
Heard family planning on radio last few months | ||||
Yes (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
No | 0.885 (0.648–1.208) | 0.800b (0.643–0.997) | 1.099 (0.848–1.424) | 1.023 (0.846–1.236) |
Heard family planning on TV last few months | ||||
Yes (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
No | 0.790a (0.624–1.001) | 1.090 (0.926–1.283) | 0.827 (0.623–1.098) | 1.012 (0.819–1.249) |
Heard family planning in print last few months | ||||
Yes (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
No | 1.354b (1.066–1.720) | 1.105 (0.934–1.308) | 0.552b (0.327–0.933) | 0.710 (0.458–1.103) |
Region (Nigeria) | ||||
South West (ref) | 1 | 1 | – | – |
North Central | 0.462c (0.320–0.666) | 0.962 (0.765–1.209) | – | – |
North East | 0.162c (0.070–0.376) | 1.574b (1.101–2.250) | – | – |
North West | 0.038c (0.016–0.086) | 0.425c (0.321–0.563) | – | – |
South East | 1.523b (1.022–2.270) | 1.390b (1.01–0 1.913) | – | – |
South South | 1.100 (0.780–1.550) | 0.965 (0.755–1.233) | – | – |
Region | ||||
Greater Accra (ref) | – | – | 1 | 1 |
Western | – | – | 1.742b (1.097–2.765) | 0.868 (0.610–1.234) |
Central | – | – | 0.754 (0.463–1.229) | 0.691b (0.494–0.966) |
Volta | – | – | 3.191c (1.890–5.389) | 0.499c (0.326–0.764) |
Eastern | – | – | 0.474c (0.273–0.825) | 0.868 (0.617–1.223) |
Ashanti | – | – | 1.912c (1.264–2.893) | 1.103 (0.808–1.505) |
Brong Ahafo | – | – | 1.826b (1.123–2.969) | 0.658b (0.451–0.960) |
Northern | – | – | 1.623 (0.835–3.155) | 1.805b (1.083–3.006) |
Upper East | – | – | 0.146c (0.045–0.473) | 0.709 (0.424–1.185) |
Upper West | – | – | 0.262b (0.090–0.769) | 0.728 (0.398–1.332) |
Ethnicity (Nigeria) | ||||
Yoruba (ref) | 1 | 1 | – | – |
Other minorities | 1.338a (0.961–1.864) | 1.953c (1.566–2.436) | – | – |
Fulani | 1.961 (0.436–8.812) | 3.352c (1.699–6.612) | – | – |
Igbo | 2.134c (1.471–3.096) | 1.922c (1.448–2.551) | – | – |
Hausa | 4.820c (2.139–10.861) | 11.842c (7.766–18.059) | – | – |
Ethnicity (Ghana) | ||||
Akan (ref) | – | – | 1 | 1 |
Ga/Dangme | – | – | 1.294 (0.775–2.159) | 1.142 (0.790–1.650) |
Ewe | – | – | 1.044 (0.687–1.584) | 1.059 (0.780–1.437) |
Guan | – | – | 1.631 (0.783–3.396) | 0.883 (0.469–1.664) |
Mole-Dagbani | – | – | 1.184 (0.754–1.860) | 1.061 (0.754–1.493) |
Grusi | – | – | 0.942 (0.490–1.811) | 0.682 (0.422–1.103) |
Gurma | – | – | 0.948 (0.523–1.720) | 0.883 (0.563–1.385) |
Mande | – | – | 0.561 (0.266–1.181) | 0.741 (0.446–1.230) |
Attitude of the health workers | ||||
Not a big problem (ref) | 1 | 1 | – | – |
Big problem | 0.900 (0.684–1.184) | 1.147 (0.940–1.401) | – | – |