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Table 2 Odds ratio of use of family planning services in Nigeria and Ghana (multinomial logistic regression)

From: Patterns of access to reproductive health services in Ghana and Nigeria: results of a cluster analysis

Background characteristics

Nigeria

 

Ghana

 

Medium-access

Poor-access

Medium-access

Poor-access

Reference category: High access

Reference category: High access

Exp B (95% CI)

Exp B (95% CI)

Exp B (95% CI)

Exp B (95% CI)

Maternal age

1.018a (0.998–1.038)

1.015b (1.001–1.029)

1.047c (1.023–1.072)

1.037c (1.019–1.055)

Number of children alive

0.940a (0.878–1.007)

0.774c (0.738–0.813)

0.851c (0.777–0.931)

0.849c (0.795–0.908)

Marital status

 Married (ref)

1

1

1

1

 Never married

0.338c (0.185–0.619)

0.550c (0.395–0.767)

1.068 (0.705–1.617)

1.359b (1.008–1.833)

 Widowed/separated/divorced

1.038 (0.606–1.777)

1.531b (1.052–2.228)

1.004 (0.656–1.535)

0.935 (0.695–1.258)

Maternal Education

 Secondary/ Higher (ref)

1

1

1

1

 No education

 1.257 (0.776–2.037)

2.544c (1.907–3.395)

1.350 (0.941–1.938)

1.527c (1.173–1.988)

Primary

0.825 (0.642–1.061)

1.111 (0.939–1.314)

0.817 (0.601–1.112)

0.961 (0.774–1.192)

Maternal Occupation

 White collar (ref)

1

1

1

1

 Not working

1.006 (0.706–1.435)

1.135 (0.882–1.459)

1.732b (1.027–2.921)

2.194c (1.447–3.325)

 Services and manual

1.134 (0.806–1.594)

1.283b (1.002–1.642)

1.227 (0.723–2.081)

1.727c (1.137–2.622)

 Sales

0.930 (0.687–1.258)

0.987 (0.793–1.228)

1.238 (0.771–1.987)

1.686c (1.152–2.466)

 Agriculture

0.805 (0.503–1.291)

1.194 (0.867–1.646)

1.378 (0.785–2.421)

1.801c (1.164–2.786)

Household Wealth

 Richest (ref)

1

1

1

1

 Poorest

0.762 (0.220–2.633)

3.417c (1.825–6.396)

0.947 (0.519–1.731)

1.403 (0.895–2.200)

 Poorer

1.026 (0.621–1.694)

2.282c (1.669–3.120)

0.781 (0.469–1.302)

1.148 (0.786–1.677)

 Middle

1.241 (0.899–1.714)

1.979c (1.583–2.475)

0.775 (0.508–1.183)

0.997 (0.723–1.375)

 Richer

1.232a (0.977–1.553)

1.704c (1.448–2.006)

0.928 (0.652–1.32)

0.968 (0.734–1.277)

Residence

 Urban (ref)

1

1

1

1

Rural

1.092 (0.864–1.381)

0.927 (0.785–1.093)

0.748a (0.556–1.006)

0.779b (0.624–0.974)

Has health insurance

 Yes (ref)

1

1

1

1

 No

0.909 (0.602–1.373)

1.374b (1.011–1.867)

0.320c (0.246–0.417)

0.829b (0.699–0.983)

Religion

 Other Christian (ref)

1

1

1

1

 Catholic

1.078 (0.811–1.433)

1.048 (0.849–1.295)

0.824 (0.57–1.19)

0.891 (0.676–1.173)

 Traditionalist/ none

1.324 (0.254–6.898)

2.043 (0.625–6.678)

1.128 (0.75–1.695)

1.137 (0.840–1.538)

 Islam

1.188 (0.915–1.542)

1.474c (1.240–1.753)

0.527b (0.297–0.932)

1.109 (0.781–1.575)

Need permission for medical help

 Not a big problem (ref)

1

1

1

1

 Big problem

1.247 (0.771–2.016)

1.130 (0.792–1.611)

1.036 (0.64–1.678)

1.015 (0.705–1.462)

Need money for medical help

 Not a big problem (ref)

1

1

1

1

 Big problem

1.041 (0.835–1.297)

0.812c (0.697–0.947)

1.297a (0.999–1.682)

1.051 (0.868–1.273)

Distance to health facility

 Not a big problem (ref)

1

1

1

1

 Big problem

0.771a (0.571–1.042)

1.109 (0.904–1.360)

1.237 (0.908–1.685)

1.164 (0.923–1.466)

Do not want to visit health facility alone

 Not a big problem (ref)

1

1

1

1

 Big problem

1.728b (1.112–2.685)

1.407b (1.012–1.958)

1.017 (0.705–1.465)

1.020 (0.771–1.349)

Heard family planning on radio last few months

 Yes (ref)

1

1

1

1

 No

0.885 (0.648–1.208)

0.800b (0.643–0.997)

1.099 (0.848–1.424)

1.023 (0.846–1.236)

Heard family planning on TV last few months

 Yes (ref)

1

1

1

1

 No

0.790a (0.624–1.001)

1.090 (0.926–1.283)

0.827 (0.623–1.098)

1.012 (0.819–1.249)

Heard family planning in print last few months

 Yes (ref)

1

1

1

1

 No

1.354b (1.066–1.720)

1.105 (0.934–1.308)

0.552b (0.327–0.933)

0.710 (0.458–1.103)

Region (Nigeria)

 South West (ref)

1

1

 North Central

0.462c (0.320–0.666)

0.962 (0.765–1.209)

 North East

0.162c (0.070–0.376)

1.574b (1.101–2.250)

 North West

0.038c (0.016–0.086)

0.425c (0.321–0.563)

 South East

1.523b (1.022–2.270)

1.390b (1.01–0 1.913)

 South South

1.100 (0.780–1.550)

0.965 (0.755–1.233)

Region

 Greater Accra (ref)

1

1

 Western

1.742b (1.097–2.765)

0.868 (0.610–1.234)

 Central

0.754 (0.463–1.229)

0.691b (0.494–0.966)

 Volta

3.191c (1.890–5.389)

0.499c (0.326–0.764)

 Eastern

0.474c (0.273–0.825)

0.868 (0.617–1.223)

 Ashanti

1.912c (1.264–2.893)

1.103 (0.808–1.505)

 Brong Ahafo

1.826b (1.123–2.969)

0.658b (0.451–0.960)

 Northern

1.623 (0.835–3.155)

1.805b (1.083–3.006)

 Upper East

0.146c (0.045–0.473)

0.709 (0.424–1.185)

 Upper West

0.262b (0.090–0.769)

0.728 (0.398–1.332)

Ethnicity (Nigeria)

 Yoruba (ref)

1

1

 Other minorities

1.338a (0.961–1.864)

1.953c (1.566–2.436)

 Fulani

1.961 (0.436–8.812)

3.352c (1.699–6.612)

 Igbo

2.134c (1.471–3.096)

1.922c (1.448–2.551)

 Hausa

4.820c (2.139–10.861)

11.842c (7.766–18.059)

Ethnicity (Ghana)

 Akan (ref)

1

1

 Ga/Dangme

1.294 (0.775–2.159)

1.142 (0.790–1.650)

 Ewe

1.044 (0.687–1.584)

1.059 (0.780–1.437)

 Guan

1.631 (0.783–3.396)

0.883 (0.469–1.664)

 Mole-Dagbani

1.184 (0.754–1.860)

1.061 (0.754–1.493)

 Grusi

0.942 (0.490–1.811)

0.682 (0.422–1.103)

 Gurma

0.948 (0.523–1.720)

0.883 (0.563–1.385)

 Mande

0.561 (0.266–1.181)

0.741 (0.446–1.230)

Attitude of the health workers

 Not a big problem (ref)

1

1

 Big problem

0.900 (0.684–1.184)

1.147 (0.940–1.401)

  1. c p ≤ 0.01; b p ≤ 0.05; a p ≤ 0.10 (two-tailed test of significance)