Table 2 Overview of longitudinal studies on the association between PA and the outcome of CHD
Author | Country | Characteristics | Follow-up time | Predictor variable: Physical activity | Outcome of interest | Main results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chomistek et al. (2016) [28] | USA, Nurses’ Health Study II (NHSII) | N = 97,230 women, 36.6 ± 4.6 years | 20 years Baseline: 1991 | Self-reported LTPA (MET-h/wk, in quintiles) - < 1 | Incident CHD (nonfatal MI, fatal CHD) | HR [95% CI] of CHD event for total LTPAa: |
- < 1: 1.0 (reference) | ||||||
- 1–5.9: 0.86 [0.68, 1.08] | ||||||
Follow-up: 2011 | - 1–5.9 | - 6–14.9: 0.66 [0.52, 0.84] | ||||
- 6–14.9 | ||||||
- 15–29.9 | - 15–29.9: 0.48 [0.36, 0.63] | |||||
- ≥30 | - ≥30: 0.53 [0.41, 0.70] | |||||
Similarly, increasing MET-h/wk were associated with a decreased risk of incident CHD when looking at moderate-intensity PA only, as well as looking at vigorous-intensity PA only. | ||||||
Delaney et al. (2013) [29] | USA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) | N = 5656, 47.4% male, 61.3 ± 9.9 years, BMI 28.3 ± 5.4 kg/m2 | 5 years Baseline 2000–2002 | Self-reported PA (total min/d, total MET-min/d) | Incident CAC | RR [95% CI] of PA and incident CACb: |
- Vigorous activity: 0.97 [0.94, 1.00], p = 0.048 | ||||||
Follow-up: 2005–2007 | No association between intentional, sedentary, MVPA and conditioning PA and incident CAC. | |||||
Ferrario et al. (2018) [30] | Italy, MONICA, PAMELA, SEMM | N = 3574 men, 25–64 years | Median 14 years (IQR 12.9–15.9) | Self-reported, OPA score 1–5 (tertiles, cut-offs at 2.5, 3.125), SpPA index (min/wk of MPA or VPA based on METs of task) | Incident CHD (first acute coronary event as MI, acute coronary syndrome or coronary revascularization) | HR [95% CI] of first CHD event (fatal or non-fatal) by OPA groupc: |
- Low: 1.66 [1.06, 2.59] | ||||||
Baseline: 1989–1996 | - Intermediate: 1.0 (reference) | |||||
- High: 1.18 [0.72, 1.94] | ||||||
Follow-up: 2008 | - Poor: 0 | HR [95% CI] of first CHD event (fatal or non-fatal) by SpPA groupc: | ||||
- Intermediate: 1–149 MPA or 1–74 VPA or 1–149 MPA plus VPA | ||||||
- Poor: 1.0 (reference) | ||||||
- Intermediate: 0.81 [0.50, 1.32] | ||||||
- Recommended: ≥150 MPA or ≥ 75 VPA or ≥ 150 MPA plus VPA | - Recommended: 0.58 [0.30, 1.12] | |||||
Jefferis et al. (2014) [31] | UK, British Regional Heart Study | N = 3320 men, 68.3 ± 5.4 years | Median 11 years Baseline 1998–2000 Follow-up: 2010 | Self-reported usual PA (score) | Incident CHD (First fatal or nonfatal MI events, ICD-9 Code 410–414, ICD − 10 Code I21-I23, I252) | HR [95% CI] of first CHD event (fatal or non-fatal) by PA groupd: |
- Inactive (0–2) | ||||||
- Occasional (3–5) | - None: 1.0 (reference) | |||||
- Light (6–8) | - Occasional: 0.52 [0.34, 0.79] | |||||
- Moderate (9–12) | - Light: 0.47 [0.30, 0.74] | |||||
- Moderately vigorous (13–20) | - Moderate: 0.51 [0.32, 0.82] | |||||
- Moderately vigorous and vigorous: 0.44 [0.29, 0.65] | ||||||
- Vigorous (> 21) | ||||||
Change in PA (1996–2000) | p = 0.004 | |||||
- Always inactive | HR [95% CI] of first CHD event (fatal or non-fatal) by change in PA groupd: | |||||
- Became inactive | ||||||
- Became active | - Always inactive: 1.0 (reference) | |||||
- Always active | - Became inactive: 0.87 [0.53, 1.45] | |||||
- Became active: 0.86 [0.55, 1.35] | ||||||
- Always active: 0.73 [0.53, 1.02] | ||||||
Koolhaas et al. (2016) [32] | Netherlands, The Rotterdam Study | N = 5901, median age 67 years | 15 years Baseline 1997–2001 Follow-up: 2012 | Self-reported PA, tertiles (median (range) MET-h/wk in total PA) | Incident CHD (fatal or nonfatal MI, surgical/ percutaneous coronary revascularization procedure) | Total PA and risk of incident CHD evente: HR [95% CI] |
- Tertile 1: 1.0 (reference) | ||||||
- Tertiles 1: 42.0 (≤61.4) ≙ 1.5 h/d at 4 METs | - Tertile 2: 0.76 [0.63, 0.92] | |||||
- Tertile 3:0.69 [0.57, 0.84] | ||||||
- Tertiles 2: 77.5 (61.5–96.9) ≙ 2.8 h/d at 4 METs | Per 10 MET-h/wk: 0.96 [0.94, 0.98]. p overall = < 0.001. | |||||
- Tertiles 3: 126.7 (≥97.0) ≙ 4.5 h/d at 4 METs | ||||||
Petersen et al. (2012) [33] | Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study | N = 10,443, 57% female, median age 58 years | Baseline 1976–78 | Self-reported LTPA | Incident CHD fatal and non-fatal cases (MI: ICD-8 Code 410, ICD-10 Code I21–22; IHD: ICD-8 Code 410–414, ICD-10 Code I20–25) | HR [95% CI] of IHD by PA changef: Women | Men |
- Sedentary | ||||||
Follow-up: 1981–1983, 2008 | - Light | - -2: 1.60 [1.02, 2.32] | 1.33 [0.97, 1.83] | ||||
-Moderate | ||||||
- Vigorous | - -1: 1.28 [1.10, 1.49] | 1.12 [0.96, 1.31] | |||||
Change in PA categories (1976/78–1981/83) | ||||||
- 0: 1.0 (reference) | ||||||
- -2/−3 categories | - 1: 0.97 [0.85, 1.12] | 1.09 [0.96, 1.25] | |||||
- -1 category | ||||||
- 0 (stable) | - 2: 1.01 [0.75, 1.38] | 1.16 [0.89, 1.51] | |||||
- + 1 category | ||||||
- + 2/+ 3 categories | HR [95% CI] of MI by PA changef: Women | Men | |||||
- -2: 1.56 [0.89, 2.75] | 1.74 [1.17, 2.60] | ||||||
- -1: 1.30 [1.03, 1.65] | 1.13 [0.91, 1.39] | ||||||
- 0: 1 (reference) | ||||||
- 1: 0.98 [0.79, 1.22] | 1.14 [0.95, 1.36] | ||||||
- 2: 1.08 [0.67, 1.75] | 1.30 [0.92, 1.84] | ||||||
Soares-Miranda et al. (2016) [34] | USA | N = 4207, 39% males, 72.5 ± 5.5 years | 10 years Baseline: 1989 | Self-reported LTPA (kcal/wk), exercise intensity | Incident CHD (fatal & nonfatal MI & CHD death) | HR [95% CI] for exercise intensityg, none as reference: |
Follow-up: 1999 | - None | - Low: 0.56 [0.43, 0.72], p < 0.001 | ||||
- Low | - Moderate: 0.53 [0.41, 0.69], p < 0.001 | |||||
- Moderate | - High: 0.47 [0.32, 0.69], p < 0.001 | |||||
- High | ||||||
Tikkanen et al. (2018) [35] | UK | N = 502,635, 54% female, 56.5 ± 8.1 years | Median 6.1 years Baseline: 2006–10 | Self-reported (MET-h/wk) | Incident CHD (ICD-9 Code 410–411, ICD-10 Code I20.0, I21, I22) | HR [95% CI] association CHD and PA levelh: - 0.95 [0.93, 0.97], p < 0.001 |
Follow-up: 2015–2016 | ||||||
Williams & Thompson (2012) [50] | USA | N = 47,921 | Median 6.2 years | Self-reported PA MET-h/d | Incident CHD (MI, CABG, percutaneous coronary intervention, and angina pectoris) | Greater MET-h/d is associated with lower risk of incident CHD: HR [95% CI]i |
- Light | ||||||
Baseline: 1998–1999 | - Moderate | - Running: 0.955 [0.91, 1.00] | ||||
- Vigorous | - Walking: 0.907 [0.839, 0.98] | |||||
Follow-up: 2006 | - Other vigorous: 0.99 [0.966, 1.02] | |||||
- Other moderate: 0.98 [0.927, 1.04] | ||||||
- Other light: 0.98 [0.807, 1.197] |