Table 3 Associations between covariates and the presence of mental health issues (measured as probable depression and anxiety) in binary regression models among participants (n = 529)

  50–59 (ref)

1

1

  60–69

0.54 (0.34, 0.86)^*

0.66 (0.43, 1.01)^*

  ≥ 70

0.32 (0.17, 0.62)^*

0.54 (0.31, 0.94)^*

  Male (ref)

1

1

  Female

2.81 (1.81, 4.35)^*

2.46 (1.64, 3.71)^*

  Han (ref)

1

1

  Minority

1.75 (0.14, 21.40)

1.23 (0.10,14.52)

  Rural (ref)

1

1

  Urban

0.76 (0.45, 1.30)

0.87 (0.54, 1.39)

  Illiterate (ref)

1

1

  Primary school

0.58 (0.32, 1.05)^*

0.82 (0.48, 1.42)

  Junior high school

0.67 (0.35, 1.27)

0.79 (0.43, 1.45)

  Senior high school or above

0.30 (0.11, 0.80)^*

0.26 (0.10, 0.65)^*

  Unmarried (ref)

1

1

  Married and living with spouse

0.88 (0.32, 2.42)

1.67 (0.63, 4.48)

  Married but not living with spouse

1.34 (0.45, 4.04)

2.30 (0.79, 6.68)

  Divorced/widowed

1.48 (0.53, 4.12)

2.38 (0.88, 6.45)^*

  Employed (ref)

1

1

  Retired

0.52 (0.23, 1.17)

0.50 (0.25, 1.01)^*

  Unemployed

1.41 (0.86, 2.31)

1.27 (0.81, 1.98)

  None (ref)

1

1

  ≤ 10 years

0.81 (0.47, 1.41)

0.77 (0.46, 1.27)

  > 10 years

0.89 (0.53, 1.47)

0.86 (0.54, 1.36)

  None (ref)

1

1

  < 1000

0.42 (0.20, 0.87)^*

0.63 (0.31, 1.29)

  1000–1999

0.32 (0.14, 0.70)^*

0.58 (0.27, 1.22)

  ≥ 2000

0.21 (0.09, 0.48)^*

0.36 (0.17, 0.79)^*

  Yes (ref)

1

1

  No

0.78 (0.51, 1.19)

0.90 (0.61, 1.3)

  Do not have spouse

0.76 (0.28, 2.10)

0.47 (0.17, 1.27)

  0 (ref)

1

1

  1

1.08 (0.48, 2.43)

1.21 (0.57, 2.60)

  2

0.82 (0.36, 1.89)

1.25 (0.58, 2.73)

  3

0.62 (0.23, 1.65)

0.88 (0.36, 2.15)

  Sexual behavior with spouse (ref)

1

1

  Sexual behavior with a non-spouse opposite-sex partner

0.45 (0.28, 0.71)^*

0.51 (0.33, 0.78)^*

  Sexual behavior with a same-sex partner

0.26 (0.08, 0.82)^*

0.44 (0.17, 1.11)^*

  Blood transfusion

0.20 (0.05, 0.73)^*

0.25 (0.08, 0.72)^*

  < 1 (ref)

1

1

  1–3

0.84 (0.51, 1.38)

0.90 (0.57, 1.43)

  > 3

0.53 (0.30, 0.92)^*

0.57 (0.34, 0.93)^*

  ≤ 2 (ref)

1

1

  > 2

0.76 (0.48, 1.19)

0.67 (0.45, 1.01)^*

  HIV (ref)

1

1

  AIDS

1.04 (0.69, 1.59)

0.88 (0.60, 1.28)

  Missing

2.50 (0.20, 30.65)

1.28 (0.11, 15.25)

  < 200

1

1

  200–350

1.04 (0.60, 1.78)

1.01 (0.61, 1.65)

  351–500

0.78 (0.43, 1.42)

0.95 (0.56, 1.63)

  > 500

1.31 (0.70, 2.47)

1.42 (0.79, 2.54)

  Missing

2.43 (0.40, 14.92)

2.92 (0.53, 16.08)