Gender-based analysis | Pre-test Mean (SD) [Min-Max] | Post-test Mean (SD) [Min-Max] | Follow-up Mean (SD) [Min-Max] | ANOVA | Pairwise comparison | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F (dftime, dferror); χ2(df) | p-value | ||||||
SDQ subscales | |||||||
Emotional problem scale [0–10] | Boys (n = 38) | 5.50 (2.05) [1–10] | 4.29 (2.02) [0–9] | 3.46 (2.19) [0–8] | F(2,31) = 18.03 | p < 0.001 | b, d |
Girls (n = 33) | 4.91 (1.96) [1–8] | 4.0 (1.97) [0–9] | 2.70 (1.56) [0–6] | F(2,24) = 15.02 | p < 0.001 | c, d | |
Overall | 5.24 (2.0) [1–10] | 4.15 (1.97) [0–9] | 3.14 (1.95) [0–8] | F(2,58) = 28.90 | p < 0.001 | b, c, d | |
Conduct problem scale [0–10] | Boys (n = 38) | 3.77 (1.83) [0–7] | 2.50 (1.31) [0–6] | 2.11 (1.63) [0–7] | F(2,29) = 4.69 | p = 0.017 | b,d |
Girls (n = 33) | 3.30 (2.07) [0–7] | 1.56a (1.46) [0–6] | 1.64 (1.28) [0–4] | χ2(2) = 15.31 | p < 0.001 | b, d | |
Overall | 3.55 (1.94) [0–7] | 2.03a (1.45) [0–6] | 1.91a (1.43) [0–7] | χ2(2) = 25.40 | p < 0.001 | b, d | |
Hyperactivity scale [0–10] | Boys (n = 38) | 5.42 (2.02) [1–10] | 3.62 (1.86) [0–8] | 3.19 (2.04) [0–9] | F(2,33) = 17.55 | p < 0.001 | b, d |
Girls (n = 33) | 4.941 (2.20) [0–9] | 3.61 (1.95) [0–8] | 2.86 (1.74) [0–6] | χ2(2) = 12.65 | p = 0.002 | b, d | |
Overall | 5.21 (2.09) [0–10] | 3.59 (1.89) [0–8] | 3.08 (1.91) [0–9] | F(2,61) = 24.20 | p < 0.001 | b, d | |
Peer problem scale [0–10] | Boys (n = 38) | 3.80 (1.47) [0–7] | 3.14 (1.59) [0–7] | 2.91 (1.50) [0–6] | F(2,30) = 4.95 | p = 0.014 | d |
Girls (n = 33) | 3.75 (1.57) [0–6] | 3.0 (1.32) [0–5] | 2.61 (1.26) [0–5] | F(2,24) = 2.43 | p = 0.11 |  | |
Overall | 3.78 (1.51) [0–7] | 3.07 (1.45) [0–7] | 2.78 (1.39) [0–6] | F(2,56) = 7.34 | p = 0.001 | d | |
Prosocial scale [10–0] | Boys (n = 38) | 6.33 (1.95) [2–10] | 7.74 (1.40) [4–10] | 7.68 (1.96) [3–10] | F(2,29) = 8.71 | p = 0.001 | b, d |
Girls (n = 33) | 6.91 (1.93) [4–10] | 8.13 (1.45) [5–10] | 8.04 (1.53) [5–10] | F(2,24) = 6.82 | p = 0.005 | b, d | |
Overall | 6.61 (1.93) [2–10] | 7.90 (1.44) [4–10] | 7.80 (1.79) [3–10] | F(2,56) = 15.94 | p < 0.001 | b, d | |
Total Difficulty Scale [0–40] | Boys (n = 38) | 18.52 (5.08) [10–32] | 13.61 (4.53) [6–22] | 11.24 (5.56) [2–23] | F(2,25) = 22.14 | p < 0.001 | b, d |
Girls (n = 33) | 16.97 (6.23) [4–26] | 12.27 (5.62) [3–27] | 9.74 (4.17) [2–19] | F(2,21) = 15.69 | p < 0.001 | d | |
Overall | 17.77 (5.67) [4–32] | 12.9 (5.07) [3–27] | 10.62a(4.98) [2–23] | χ2(2) = 34.16 | p < 0.001 | b, c, d | |
Very high (20+) on total difficulty scale (n = 24; 12 boys, 12 girls) at baseline | |||||||
Emotional problem scale | 6.96 (1.33) [4–10] | 4.46 (2.21) [1–9] | 3.81 (2.29) [0–8] | F(2,19) = 24.99 | p < 0.001 | b, d | |
Conduct problem scale | 4.79 (1.50) [2–7] | 2.26 (1.81) [0–6] | 1.86 (1.35) [0–5] | F(2,18) = 18.66 | p < 0.001 | b, d | |
Hyperactivity scale | 7.17 (1.20) [5–10] | 3.96 (1.94) [1–8] | 3.38 (2.22) [0–9] | F(2,19) = 27.55 | p < 0.001 | b, d | |
Peer problem scale | 4.46 (1.32) [2–6] | 2.78 (1.70) [0–6] | 2.75 (1.48) [0–6] | F(2,17) = 6.43 | p = 0.008 | b, d | |
Prosocial scale | 6.26 (2.30) [2–10] | 8.22 (1.54) [4–10] | 7.57 (2.20) [3–10] | F(2,17) = 15.53 | p < 0.001 | b, d | |
Total Difficulty Scale | 23.38a (2.95) [20–32] | 13.91 (5.93) [3–27] | 11.55 (5.64) [4–23] | χ2(2) = 21.33 | p < 0.001 | b, d |