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Table 3 Analysis of covariance of HRQoL indices according to type of exercise

From: Association between type of exercise and health-related quality of life in adults without activity limitations: a nationwide cross-sectional study

 

EQ-5D index

 

EQ-VAS

 

Adjusted Mean ± SE

P

Adjusted Mean ± SE

P

Model 1

 W + F + R

0.966 ± 0.003

< 0.001

78.096 ± 0.489

< 0.001

 F + R

0.970 ± 0.003

 

77.195 ± 0.497

 

 W + R

0.961 ± 0.005

 

75.266 ± 1.405

 

 W + F

0.968 ± 0.003

 

76.541 ± 0.447

 

 R

0.952 ± 0.005 F + R

 

75.770 ± 1.273

 

 F

0.962 ± 0.003 F + R

 

75.581 ± 0.385 W + F + R

 

 W

0.961 ± 0.003 W + F, F + R

 

74.490 ± 0.431 W + F, F + R, W + F + R

 

 Non

0.956 ± 0.002 W + F, F + R, W + F + R,

 

73.070 ± 0.338 F, W + F, F + R, W + F + R

 

Model 2

 W + F + R

0.954 ± 0.003

< 0.001

77.188 ± 0.582

< 0.001

 F + R

0.955 ± 0.003

 

75.964 ± 0.566

 

 W + R

0.955 ± 0.006

 

75.142 ± 1.417

 

 W + F

0.956 ± 0.003

 

75.673 ± 0.524

 

 R

0.944 ± 0.005

 

75.269 ± 1.272

 

 F

0.949 ± 0.003

 

74.362 ± 0.476 W + F + R

 

 W

0.952 ± 0.003

 

73.899 ± 0.522 F + R, W + F + R

 

 Non

0.945 ± 0.002 W, W + F, F + R, W + F + R

 

72.151 ± 0.428 W, F, W + F, F + R, W + F + R

 

Model 3

 W + F + R

0.876 ± 0.013

< 0.001

67.110 ± 1.585

< 0.001

 F + R

0.877 ± 0.013

 

65.811 ± 1.565

 

 W + R

0.878 ± 0.014

 

64.911 ± 2.113

 

 W + F

0.878 ± 0.013

 

65.676 ± 1.491

 

 R

0.868 ± 0.014

 

65.523 ± 1.957

 

 F

0.872 ± 0.013

 

64.427 ± 1.530 W + F + R

 

 W

0.875 ± 0.013

 

64.064 ± 1.549 W + F + R

 

 Non

0.869 ± 0.013 W, W + F, F + R, W + F + R

 

62.396 ± 1.530 W, F, W + F, F + R, W + F + R

 
  1. Abbreviations: HRQoL health-related quality of life, EQ-5D EuroQol 5-dimension, EQ-VAS EuroQol visual analogue scale, Non non-exerciser, W walking, F flexibility, R resistance, SE standard error,
  2. P-values were obtained by ANCOVA
  3. Superscripts indicate statistically different groups (p < 0.05) with the corresponding type of exercise by Tukey’s test for post hoc analysis
  4. Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex
  5. Model 2 was adjusted for model 1 plus household income, education level, marital status, and area of residence
  6. Model 3 was adjusted for model 2 plus smoking status, alcohol drinking, activity of daily living, body mass index, and past medical history