Waterpipe smoking among university students in Hong Kong: a cross-sectional study

Jung Jae Lee; Yongda Wu; Man Ping Wang; Karly Cheuk-Yin Yeung; Janet Yuen-Ha Wong; Robert Smith

doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08686-6

BMC Public Health

Table 5 Factors associated with smoking status among respondents

From: Waterpipe smoking among university students in Hong Kong: a cross-sectional study

	Waterpipe only		Cigarette only		Dual smoking
	Relative risk ratio (RR) (95% CI)		Relative risk ratio (RR) (95% CI)		Relative risk ratio (RR) (95% CI)
	Crude	Adjusted ^b	Crude	Adjusted ^b	Crude	Adjusted ^b
Gender
Males	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF
Females	1.50(1.05–2.14)^*	1.92(1.14–3.22)^*	0.83(0.64–1.07)	0.62(0.45–0.84)^**	0.67(053.-0.83)^***	1.11(0.85–1.45)
Age
18–19 years	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF
20–21 years	2.03(1.18–3.48)^*	1.91 (0.91–3.97)	1.00(0.61–1.65)	0.87(0.43–1.76)	2.90(1.04–8.06)^*	3.59(1.03–12.54)^*
22–23 years	2.50(1.50–4.17)^***	2.48(1.09–5.65)^*	2.28(0.88–5.87)	2.19(1.20–3.98)^*	4.29(1.35–13.68)^*	5.22(0.88–31.10)
24 year or older	2.64(1.07–6.48)^*	2.53(0.94–6.82)	5.39(2.72–10.67)^***	2.26 (1.26–4.07)^**	10.54(3.51–31.69)^***	9.28(2.03–42.44)^**
Household income^a
HK$19,000 or below	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF
HK$20,000–$49,999	1.02(0.59–1.78)	0.78(0.47–1.29)	0.52(0.36–0.76)^**	0.51(0.37–0.72)^***	1.09(0.61–1.95)	0.77(0.43–1.38)
HK$50,000 or above	2.51(1.25–5.07)^*	1.40(0.55–3.55)	0.63(0.35–1.13)	0.34(0.16–0.72)^**	2.19(1.08–4.41)^*	0.83(0.28–2.44)
Qualification of study
Undergraduate	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF
Postgraduate	0.87(0.42–1.78)	0.71(0.26–1.96)	4.18(3.25–5.36)^***	2.77(1.42–5.41)^**	2.35(1.60–3.44)^***	1.35(0.64–2.84)
Alcohol consumption
Never	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF
Once a month or less	9.59(3.75–24.56)^***	13.98(4.42–45.24)^***	1.69(1.16–2.46)^**	1.70(0.97–2.99)	3.58(1.64–7.77)^**	2.59(1.11–6.01)^*
More than monthly	36.24(15.03–87.38)^***	45.73(11.44–182.73)^***	3.49(2.29–5.33)^***	3.01(1.76–5.14)^***	36.17(18.75–69.78)^***	25.66(10.74–61.32)^***
Sensation-seeking behaviour
Low (8–18)	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF
Medium (19–29)	2.80(1.87–4.19)^***	1.72(1.13–2.62)^*	1.81(1.13–2.89)^*	1.36(0.63–2.93)	3.06(2.47–3.80)^***	1.64(1.02–2.64)^*
High (30–40)	6.57(4.29–10.06)^***	2.79(1.49–5.24)^**	5.36(3.33–8.63)^***	3.58(1.38–9.27)^**	14.60(9.28–22.96)^***	4.82 (1.81–12.88)^**
Loneliness
Not lonely	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF
Lonely (≥6)	0.68(0.43–1.10)	0.77(0.52–1.16)	1.43(1.13–1.82)^**	1.37(0.76–2.49)	0.78(0.59–1.04)	0.78(0.42–1.44)

Key: ^a US$ 1 = HK$ 7.82; ^b Adjusted for all variables listed in the table (i.e., gender, age, household income, qualification of study, alcohol consumption, sensation-seeking behaviour and loneliness); ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001

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