From: Waterpipe smoking among university students in Hong Kong: a cross-sectional study
Waterpipe only | Cigarette only | Dual smoking | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Relative risk ratio (RR) (95% CI) | Relative risk ratio (RR) (95% CI) | Relative risk ratio (RR) (95% CI) | ||||
Crude | Adjusted b | Crude | Adjusted b | Crude | Adjusted b | |
Gender | ||||||
Males | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Females | 1.50(1.05–2.14)* | 1.92(1.14–3.22)* | 0.83(0.64–1.07) | 0.62(0.45–0.84)** | 0.67(053.-0.83)*** | 1.11(0.85–1.45) |
Age | ||||||
18–19 years | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
20–21 years | 2.03(1.18–3.48)* | 1.91 (0.91–3.97) | 1.00(0.61–1.65) | 0.87(0.43–1.76) | 2.90(1.04–8.06)* | 3.59(1.03–12.54)* |
22–23 years | 2.50(1.50–4.17)*** | 2.48(1.09–5.65)* | 2.28(0.88–5.87) | 2.19(1.20–3.98)* | 4.29(1.35–13.68)* | 5.22(0.88–31.10) |
24 year or older | 2.64(1.07–6.48)* | 2.53(0.94–6.82) | 5.39(2.72–10.67)*** | 2.26 (1.26–4.07)** | 10.54(3.51–31.69)*** | 9.28(2.03–42.44)** |
Household incomea | ||||||
HK$19,000 or below | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
HK$20,000–$49,999 | 1.02(0.59–1.78) | 0.78(0.47–1.29) | 0.52(0.36–0.76)** | 0.51(0.37–0.72)*** | 1.09(0.61–1.95) | 0.77(0.43–1.38) |
HK$50,000 or above | 2.51(1.25–5.07)* | 1.40(0.55–3.55) | 0.63(0.35–1.13) | 0.34(0.16–0.72)** | 2.19(1.08–4.41)* | 0.83(0.28–2.44) |
Qualification of study | ||||||
Undergraduate | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Postgraduate | 0.87(0.42–1.78) | 0.71(0.26–1.96) | 4.18(3.25–5.36)*** | 2.77(1.42–5.41)** | 2.35(1.60–3.44)*** | 1.35(0.64–2.84) |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||
Never | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Once a month or less | 9.59(3.75–24.56)*** | 13.98(4.42–45.24)*** | 1.69(1.16–2.46)** | 1.70(0.97–2.99) | 3.58(1.64–7.77)** | 2.59(1.11–6.01)* |
More than monthly | 36.24(15.03–87.38)*** | 45.73(11.44–182.73)*** | 3.49(2.29–5.33)*** | 3.01(1.76–5.14)*** | 36.17(18.75–69.78)*** | 25.66(10.74–61.32)*** |
Sensation-seeking behaviour | ||||||
Low (8–18) | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Medium (19–29) | 2.80(1.87–4.19)*** | 1.72(1.13–2.62)* | 1.81(1.13–2.89)* | 1.36(0.63–2.93) | 3.06(2.47–3.80)*** | 1.64(1.02–2.64)* |
High (30–40) | 6.57(4.29–10.06)*** | 2.79(1.49–5.24)** | 5.36(3.33–8.63)*** | 3.58(1.38–9.27)** | 14.60(9.28–22.96)*** | 4.82 (1.81–12.88)** |
Loneliness | ||||||
Not lonely | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Lonely (≥6) | 0.68(0.43–1.10) | 0.77(0.52–1.16) | 1.43(1.13–1.82)** | 1.37(0.76–2.49) | 0.78(0.59–1.04) | 0.78(0.42–1.44) |