From: Waterpipe smoking among university students in Hong Kong: a cross-sectional study
 | Never smoked | Waterpipe only | Cigarette only | Dual smoking | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total, n (%) | 876 (68.0) | 140 (10.9) | 106 (8.2) | 166 (12.89) | Â |
Gender, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.010 |
 Males | 277 (31.6) | 33 (23.6) | 38 (35.9) | 68 (41.0) | |
 Females | 599 (68.4) | 107 (76.4) | 68 (64.1) | 98 (59.0) | |
Age, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 18–19 years | 155 (17.8) | 12 (8.6) | 9 (8.6) | 7 (4.2) | |
 20–21 years | 344 (39.4) | 54 (38.6) | 20 (19.1) | 45 (27.1) | |
 22–23 years | 227 (26.0) | 44 (31.4) | 30 (28.6) | 44 (26.5) | |
 24 year or older | 147 (16.8) | 30 (21.4) | 46 (43.8) | 70 (42.2) | |
- Age, mean (SD) | 21.9 (3.5) | 22.3 (2.6) | 24.1 (4.7) | 24.0 (4.6) | < 0.001 |
- Initiation age, mean (SD) | – | 19.9 (2.4) | 17.2 (5.1) | 20.5 (4.3)b/18.8 (4.0)c | |
Household income, n (%)a |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 HK$19,999 or below | 288 (45.5) | 40 (39.2) | 51 (60.7) | 46 (39.3) | |
 HK$20,000 - HK$49,999 | 282 (44.6) | 40 (39.2) | 26 (31.0) | 49 (41.9) | |
 HK$50,000 or above | 63 (10.0) | 22 (21.6) | 7 (8.3) | 22 (18.8) | |
Qualification of study, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Undergraduate | 652 (86.1) | 100 (87.7) | 55 (59.8) | 90 (72.6) | |
 Postgraduate | 105 (13.9) | 14 (12.3) | 37 (40.2) | 34 (27.4) | |
Alcohol consumption, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Never | 301 (34.4) | 5 (3.6) | 22 (20.8) | 9 (5.4) | |
 Once a month or less | 477 (54.5) | 76 (54.3) | 59 (55.7) | 51 (30.7) | |
 More than monthly | 98 (11.2) | 59 (42.1) | 25 (23.6) | 106 (63.9) | |
Sensation-seeking behaviour, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Low (8–18) | 264 (30.1) | 17 (12.1) | 18 (17.0) | 16 (9.6) |  |
 Medium (19–29) | 560 (63.9) | 101 (72.1) | 69 (65.1) | 104 (62.7) | |
 High (30–40) | 52 (5.9) | 22 (15.7) | 19 (17.9) | 46 (27.7) | |
Loneliness, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.021 |
 Not lonely | 344 (39.3) | 68 (48.6) | 33 (31.1) | 75 (45.2) | |
 Lonely (≥6) | 532 (60.7) | 72 (51.4) | 73 (68.9) | 91 (54.8) |