Waterpipe smoking among university students in Hong Kong: a cross-sectional study

BMC Public Health

Table 3 Factors associated with waterpipe smoking among respondents

	Odd Ratio (OR) (95% CI)
	Crude	Adjusted ^b
Gender
Males	REF	REF
Females	0.96(0.78–1.17)	1.57(1.22–2.02)^***
Age
18–19 years	REF	REF
20–21 years	2.35(1.18–4.68)^*	2.48(1.07–5.72)^*
22–23 years	2.96(1.43–6.09)^**	3.05(1.01–9.22)^*
24 year or older	4.47(1.77–11.32)^**	4.17(1.35–12.93)^*
Household income^a
HK$19,000 or below	REF	REF
HK$20,000–$49,999	1.14(0.69–1.89)	0.87(0.52–1.45)
HK$50,000 or above	2.48(1.26–4.88)^**	1.32(0.55–3.15)
Qualification of study
Undergraduate	REF	REF
Postgraduate	1.26(0.83–1.90)	0.82(0.43–1.55)
Alcohol consumption
Never	REF	REF
Once a month or less	5.47(2.78–10.77)^***	5.10(2.30–11.30)^***
More than monthly	30.95(16.33–58.67)^***	26.02(10.91–62.09)^***
Sensation-seeking behaviour
Low (8–18)	REF	REF
Medium (19–29)	2.79(2.15–3.61)^***	1.63(1.08–2.46)^***
High (30–40)	8.18(6.13–10.93)^***	2.98(1.46–6.08)^***
Loneliness
Not lonely	REF	REF
Lonely (≥6)	0.71(0.53–0.96)^*	0.74(0.47–1.16)

Key: ^a US$ 1 = HK$ 7.82; ^b Adjusted for all variables listed in the table (i.e., gender, age, household income, qualification of study, alcohol consumption, sensation-seeking behaviour and loneliness); ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001