Table 4 Clinical, sociodemographic, and dietary characteristics by double burden diagnostic category in a sample of adults from rural South India
Characteristic | Category 1: Neither anemia nor diabetes (n = 348) | Category 2: Anemia only (n = 313) | Category 3: Diabetes only (n = 46) | Category 4: Co-morbid anemia and diabetes (n = 42) | p-value for trend* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Descriptive characteristics | |||||
 Age | 44.6 ± 14.0 | 48.7 ± 15.4 | 48.9 ± 12.7 | 54.9 ± 13.4 | < 0.001a,c |
 Women (%) | 44.2 | 67.8 | 45.7 | 54.8 | < 0.001a,d |
 Hypertension (%) | 25.8 | 28.2 | 56.5 | 46.3 | < 0.001b,c,d |
 Rurality Index | 0.14 ± 1.77 | 0.092 ± 1.60 | − 096 ± 1.96 | −0.83 ± 1.49 | < 0.001b,c,d,e |
 Current tobacco consumer (%) | 41.2 | 37.2 | 37.0 | 38.1 | 0.76 |
 Family history of diabetes (%) | 7.7 | 7.6 | 36.9 | 28.6 | < 0.00b,c,d,e |
 Muslim (Hindu as referent) religion (%) | 3.4 | 2.2 | 10.9 | 9.5 | 0.006d |
Wealth and possession attributes | |||||
 Wealth index | 11.38 ± 4.45 | 10.39 ± 4.71 | 11.85 ± 5.14 | 10.50 ± 5.22 | 0.02 |
 Pucca housing (%) | 13.1 | 11.8 | 23.9 | 16.7 | 0.14 |
 Land ownership (acres) | 1.42 ± 1.83 | 1.22 ± 1.79 | 1.18 ± 2.04 | 0.68 ± 1.09 | 0.06 |
 In-house tap water (%) | 7.1 | 6.4 | 23.9 | 11.9 | < 0.001b,d |
Physical activity habits | |||||
 Physical Activity (hours/day of moderate physical activity) | 4.47 ± 3.73 | 3.92 ± 3.56 | 2.16 ± 3.00 | 2.47 ± 3.44 | < 0.001b,c,d |
 Sedentary time (hours/day) | 4.19 ± 2.63 | 4.53 ± 2.78 | 5.38 ± 2.87 | 5.33 ± 2.86 | 0.007c.d |
 Television time (hours/day) | 1.45 ± 1.31 | 1.49 ± 1.31 | 1.55 ± 1.29 | 1.19 ± 1.25 | 0.57 |
 Labour occupation (%) | 53.0 | 58.8 | 45.7 | 42.9 | 0.09 |
 Livestock ownership (%) | 48 | 39.6 | 26.1 | 28.6 | 0.003b |
Dietary intake (g/1000 kcal unless otherwise specified) | |||||
 Current alcohol consumer (%) | 51.6 | 43.6 | 50 | 35.7 | 0.08 |
 Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 2451 ± 829 | 2349 ± 649 | 2324 ± 626 | 2153 ± 519 | 0.04 |
 Carbohydrates | 179.2 ± 14.8 | 181.0 ± 13.4 | 174.1 ± 18.2 | 178.7 ± 14.7 | 0.024 |
 Protein | 25.8 ± 02.1 | 25.4 ± 01.7 | 25.0 ± 01.9 | 25.8 ± 01.6 | 0.06 |
 Total fat | 19.7 ± 5.3 | 19.4 ± 5.2 | 21.3 ± 5.5 | 20.1 ± 5.0 | 0.16 |
 Dietary fibre | 220.0 ± 51.6 | 219.6 ± 81.6 | 220.6 ± 108.0 | 217 ± 63.9 | 0.99 |
 Dairy products | 79.2 ± 71.4 | 79.6 ± 65.0 | 95.3 ± 58.9 | 89.2 ± 69.3 | 0.38 |
 Pulses and legumes | 27.5 ± 11.6 | 27.5 ± 11.9 | 28.3 ± 13.3 | 27.4 ± 09.3 | 0.97 |
 Meat and poultry | 3.7 ± 4.5 | 2.6 ± 3.1 | 3.7 ± 4.6 | 2.5 ± 3.2 | 0.003a |
 Fruits and vegetables | 77.0 ± 48.3 | 76.6 ± 50.7 | 74.9 ± 43.3 | 70.4 ± 33.1 | 0.86 |
 Refined grains | 67.1 ± 32.3 | 76.6 ± 50.7 | 74.9 ± 43.3 | 70.4 ± 33.1 | 0.86 |