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Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants in rural Shandong, China, 2016

From: Catastrophic health expenditure: a comparative study between hypertensive patients with and without complication in rural Shandong, China

Characteristics

N (%)

OR

95%CI

Observations

3113 (100)

Age (years)

  ≤ 45

60 (1.90)

1.0

 

 45–60

787 (25.3)

3.01

0.72–12.57

 60–70

1338 (43.0)

4.42

1.07–18.25*

  > 70

928 (29.8)

6.46

1.56–26.70*

Gender

 Male

1142 (36.7)

1.0

 

 Female

1971 (63.3)

1.17

0.94–1.45

Marital status

 Single

64 (2.1)

1.0

 

 Married

2571 (82.6)

1.98

0.72–5.49

 Bereft of spouse a

478 (15.4)

4.92

1.75–13.82**

Complications

 0

2009 (64.5)

1.0

 

 1

1013 (32.5)

5.18

4.12–6.53***

  ≥ 2

91 (3.0)

13.736

8.76–21.55***

Education

 None

1391 (44.7)

1.0

 

 Primary school

1057 (34.0)

0.61

0.48–0.76***

 Junior school

517 (16.6)

0.49

0.35–0.68***

 Senior school or above

148 (4.8)

0.58

0.34–0.99*

Household income

 Q4b

755 (24.2)

1.0

 

 Q1

783 (25.2)

3.75

2.69–5.21***

 Q2

774 (24.9)

2.17

1.53–3.07***

 Q3

801 (25.7)

1.78

1.24–2.53*

Health insurancec

 URBMI

2983 (95.8)

1.0

 

 UEBMI

40 (1.3)

0.33

0.08–1.36

 CMI

11 (0.4)

0.62

0.08–4.87

 Others d

79 (2.5)

0.51

0.22–1.18

Duration of disease (years)

  ≤ 5

1031 (33.1)

1.0

 

 5–10

1050 (33.7)

1.26

0.96–1.65

 10–15

397 (12.8)

1.74

1.25–2.41**

  > 15

635 (20.4)

1.83

1.38–2.43***

In-Patient

 No

2699 (86.7)

1.0

 

 Yes

414 (13.3)

16.58

12.99–21.14***

Out-Patient

 No

2703 (86.8)

1.0

 

 Yes

410 (13.2)

3.29

2.58–4.20***

Dibaoe

 No

2943 (94.5)

1.0

 

 Yes

170 (5.5)

2.29

1.59–3.29***

Be in debt

 No

2707 (87.0)

1.0

 

 Yes

406 (13.0)

0.99

0.66–1.24

Head of household

 No

1424 (45.7)

1.0

 

 Yes

1689 (54.3)

1.31

1.06–1.61*

Head of household’s gender

 Male

2415 (77.6)

1.0

 

 Female

698 (22.4)

1.71

1.36–2.14*

Family size

  ≤ 4

2858 (91.8)

1.0

 

  > 4

255 (8.2)

0.41

0.24–0.68**

Living arrangement

 Others

642 (20.6)

1.0

 

 Empty-nest single

440 (14.1)

4.32

2.99–6.24***

 Empty-nest couple

2031 (65.2)

1.88

1.36–2.60***

  1. a 8 divorced participants are categorized into the group “Bereft of spouse”
  2. b Quartile 1(Q1) is the poorest and Quartile 4(Q4) is the richest
  3. cURBMI Urban Residents Basic Medical Insurance, UEBMI Urban Employees Basic Medical Insurance, CMI Commercial Medical Insurance
  4. d40 uninsured patients are categorized into the group “others”
  5. e “Dibao” means low-income households in China, which living and medical aids from municipal governments and other welfare programs
  6. *** Ρ < 0.001, ** Ρ < 0.01, * Ρ < 0.05