Table 1 General characteristics and perceived academic achievement of participants in each family structure
Variables | All Participants (n = 59,096) | Two-parent family (n = 55,025) | Single-mother family (n = 1619) | Single-father family (n = 1278) | Restructured family (n = 1174) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (Mean ± SD) | 15.1 ± 0.02 | 15.1 ± 0.02 | 15.3 ± 0.04 | 15.4 ± 0.05 | 15.3 ± 0.08 |  |
Gender |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
Boy | 29,826 (52.1) | 27,818 (51.8) | 768 (49.5) | 689 (57.1) | 551 (50.4) | Â |
Girls | 29,270 (47.9) | 27,207 (48.2) | 851 (50.5) | 589 (42.9) | 623 (49.6) | Â |
School grade |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
Middle school 1st grade | 9692 (14.5) | 9089 (14.7) | 220 (12.0) | 208 (12.8) | 175 (12.7) | Â |
Middle school 2nd grade | 9949 (15.7) | 9344 (15.9) | 231 (13.2) | 204 (14.6) | 170 (13.7) | Â |
Middle school 3rd grade | 10,103 (16.3) | 9431 (16.3) | 276 (15.3) | 207 (14.1) | 189 (14.7) | Â |
High school 1st grade | 9123 (15.9) | 8529 (16.0) | 264 (17.1) | 166 (13.3) | 164 (14.6) | Â |
High school 2nd grade | 9903 (17.8) | 9139 (17.6) | 299 (19.3) | 218 (18.8) | 247 (22.7) | Â |
High school 3rd grade | 10,326 (19.9) | 9493 (19.5) | 329 (23.1) | 275 (26.4) | 229 (21.7) | Â |
Education level of mother |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
9 years | 770 (1.5) | 677 (1.2) | 74 (4.3) | – | 19 (1.6) |  |
12 years | 16,991 (23.6) | 16,066 (29.2) | 611 (38.1) | – | 314 (27.8) |  |
14 years or more | 29,443 (53.7) | 28,639 (53.1) | 545 (34.4) | – | 259 (23.3) |  |
I don’t know | 10,238 (17.1) | 9642 (16.5) | 389 (23.1) | – | 207 (16.2) |  |
Education level of father |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
9 years | 927 (1.3) | 823 (1.4) | – | 74 (5.6) | 30 (2.7) |  |
12 years | 14,234 (28.5) | 13,518 (24.2) | – | 466 (37.7) | 250 (21.4) |  |
14 years or more | 31,102 (50.4) | 30,505 (57.0) | – | 366 (30.2) | 231 (21.9) |  |
I don’t know | 10,772 (16.3) | 10,178 (17.4) | – | 372 (26.6) | 222 (18.5) |  |
Perceived family economic status |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
High | 23,832 (40.8) | 22,963 (42.1) | 260 (16.2) | 304 (24.1) | 305 (25.6) | Â |
Middle | 27,537 (46.0) | 25,672 (46.4) | 694 (42.3) | 616 (47.5) | 555 (47.1) | Â |
Low | 7727 (13.2) | 6390 (11.5) | 665 (41.5) | 358 (28.4) | 314 (27.3) | Â |
Perceived academic achievement |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
High | 8069 (13.3) | 7533 (13.5) | 128 (7.5) | 94 (7.5) | 103 (9.3) | Â |
Middle-High | 15,351 (25.4) | 14,426 (26.0) | 322 (20.3) | 264 (21.3) | 208 (17.1) | Â |
Middle | 17,526 (29.4) | 16,247 (29.7) | 467 (29.3) | 330 (25.5) | 291 (24.0) | Â |
Middle-Low | 13,249 (22.0) | 11,872 (21.6) | 463 (28.2) | 354 (27.7) | 351 (29.5) | Â |
Low | 5845 (9.9) | 4947 (9.2) | 239 (14.8) | 236 (18.0) | 221 (20.1) | Â |