Table 2 Multi-level mixed effect logistic regression on unmet need for contraception among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016 dataset, 2019
| Individual-level variables | COR (95% CI) | Model 0 ICC = 12.74% | Model 1 AOR (95% CI) | Model 2 AOR(95%CI) | Model 3 AOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age of women | |||||
| 15–19 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 20–24 | 0.89 (0.63, 1.26) | 0.91 (0.64, 1.30) | 0.91 (0.63, 1.29) | ||
| 25–29 | 1.15 (0.84, 1.59) | 0.98 (0.67, 1.42) | 0.97 (0.66, 1.42) | ||
| 30–34 | 1.49 (1.04, 2.15) | 1.09 (0.70, 1.69) | 1.07 (0.68, 1.66) | ||
| 35–39 | 1.87 (1.29, 2.73) | 1.27 (0.80, 1.99) | 1.25 (0.79, 1.98) | ||
| 40–44 | 2.34 (1.58, 3.46) | 1.54 (0.93, 2.54) | 1.51 (0.91, 2.51) | ||
| 45–49 | 3.53 (2.28, 5.46) | 2.28 (1.37, 3.80) | 2.25 (1.34, 3.79)* | ||
| Age of marriage | |||||
| < 18 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| > 18 years | 0.79 (0.66, 0.95) | 0.91 (0.75, 1.11) | 0.90 (0.74, 1.10) | ||
| Husband occupation | |||||
| Not working | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Gov’t employee | 0.89 (0.65, 1.23) | 0.92 (0.66, 1.29) | 0.90 (0.64, 1.27) | ||
| Merchant | 0.51 (0.33, 0.79) | 0.67 (0.42, 1.07) | 0.68 (0.43, 1.10) | ||
| Labourer | 0.61 (0.42, 0.89) | 0.76 (0.51, 1.13) | 0.79 (0.53, 1.18) | ||
| Others* | 1.05 (0.65, 1.71) | 1.39 (0.83, 2.34) | 1.44 (0.85, 2.44) | ||
| Education status of a mother | |||||
| Not educated | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Primary | 0.76 (0.64, 0.90) | 1.23 (0.98, 1.55) | 1.23 (0.97, 1.53) | ||
| Secondary | 0.52 (0.36, 0.74) | 1.11 (0.71, 1.76) | 1.15 (0.72, 1.84) | ||
| College and above | 0.36 (0.24, 0.55) | 0.88 (0.55, 1.42) | 0.94 (0.58, 1.53) | ||
| Education status of husband | |||||
| Not educated | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Primary | 0.72 (0.59, 0.86) | 0.92 (0.76, 1.12) | 0.88 (0.72, 1.08) | ||
| Secondary | 0.49 (0.37, 0.65) | 0.86 (0.61, 1.22) | 0.84 (0.59, 1.19) | ||
| Higher and above | 0.54 (0.37, 0.79) | 1.09 (0.69, 1.72) | 1.09 (0.69, 1.74) | ||
| Number of living children | |||||
| < 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| > 3 | 2.28 (1.89, 2.73) | 1.88 (1.42, 2.49) | 1.87 (1.40, 2.49)* | ||
| Wealth | |||||
| Poorest | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Poorer | 0.91 (0.73, 1.14) | 0.99 (0.78, 1.26) | 0.92 (0.72, 1.17) | ||
| Middle | 0.78 (0.60, 1.01) | 0.86 (0.65, 1.13) | 0.79 (0.60, 1.04) | ||
| Richer | 0.68 (0.52, 0.89) | 0.78 (0.59, 1.03) | 0.73 (0.54, 0.97)* | ||
| Richest | 0.47 (0.36, 0.63) | 0.67 (0.46, 0.99) | 0.68 (0.44, 1.05) | ||
| Visit health facility in the last 12 months | |||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 0.77 (0.65, 0.92) | 0.87 (0.73, 1.02) | 0.86 (0.72, 1.02) | ||
| Distance to a health facility | |||||
| Big problem | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Not a big problem | 0.77 (0.63, 0.93) | 0.88 (0.72, 1.08) | 0.96 (0.77, 1.18) | ||
| Religion | |||||
| Orthodox | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Protestant | 0.97 (0.75, 1.27) | 0.92 (0.69, 1.23) | 0.74 (0.53, 1.03) | ||
| Muslim | 1.54 (1.24, 1.93) | 1.43 (1.12, 1.82) | 1.37 (1.02, 1.83)* | ||
| Others** | 1.93 (1.15, 3.24) | 1.94 (1.12, 3.38) | 1.50 (0.84, 2.69) | ||
| Married more than once | |||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.39 (1.13, 1.72) | 1.27 (1.02, 1.56) | 1.31 (1.06, 1.62)* | ||
| Media exposure | |||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 0.70 (0.57, 0.86) | 0.90 (0.71, 1.14) | 0.89 (0.71, 1.13) | ||
| Community-level variables | |||||
| Place of residence | |||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Rural | 2.24 (1.82, 2.75) | 1.59 (1.06, 2.38) | 1.35 (0.84, 2.16) | ||
| Region | |||||
| Addis Ababa | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Tigray | 1.74 (1.28, 2.36) | 0.87 (0.59, 1.27) | 0.88 (0.5, 1.37) | ||
| Afar | 1.70 (1.22, 2.38) | 0.79 (0.52, 1.22) | 0.61 (0.35, 1.05) | ||
| Amhara | 1.55 (1.15, 2.08) | 0.72 (0.49, 1.06) | 0.67 (0.42, 1.05) | ||
| Oromia | 3.21 (2.40, 4.28) | 1.50 (1.02, 2.20) | 1.43 (0.89, 2.27) | ||
| Somali | 1.17 (0.82, 1.67) | 0.52 (0.33, 0.81) | 0.34 (0.19, 0.61)* | ||
| Benishangul Gumze | 2.37 (1.72, 3.26) | 1.12 (0.75, 1.66) | 1.02 (0.64, 1.62) | ||
| SNNP | 2.18 (1.60, 2.95) | 0.98 (0.66, 1.47) | 1.19 (0.75, 1.91) | ||
| Gambela | 2.50 (1.75, 3.58) | 1.46 (0.94, 2.27) | 1.64 (0.99, 2.70) | ||
| Harari | 2.23 (1.57, 3.16) | 1.37 (0.95, 1.96) | 1.27 (0.81, 2.00) | ||
| Dire Dewa | 2.07 (1.40, 3.07) | 1.34 (0.90, 1.98) | 1.12 (0.69, 1.82) | ||
| Continuous variables | Coefficient (95% CI) | Coefficient (95% CI) | Coefficient (95% CI) | ||
| Community level of media exposure | −0.006(−0.011, −0.002) | 0.99 (0.99, 1.00) | 0.99 (0.99, 1.00) | ||
| Community level of education | −0.014(−0.018, −0.010) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | ||
