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Table 2 Multi-level mixed effect logistic regression on unmet need for contraception among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016 dataset, 2019

From: Individual and community-level factors associated with unmet need for contraception among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia; a multi-level analysis of 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey

Individual-level variables

COR

(95% CI)

Model 0 ICC = 12.74%

Model 1 AOR (95% CI)

Model 2 AOR(95%CI)

Model 3

AOR (95% CI)

Age of women

15–19

1

 

1

 

1

20–24

0.89 (0.63, 1.26)

 

0.91 (0.64, 1.30)

 

0.91 (0.63, 1.29)

25–29

1.15 (0.84, 1.59)

 

0.98 (0.67, 1.42)

 

0.97 (0.66, 1.42)

30–34

1.49 (1.04, 2.15)

 

1.09 (0.70, 1.69)

 

1.07 (0.68, 1.66)

35–39

1.87 (1.29, 2.73)

 

1.27 (0.80, 1.99)

 

1.25 (0.79, 1.98)

40–44

2.34 (1.58, 3.46)

 

1.54 (0.93, 2.54)

 

1.51 (0.91, 2.51)

45–49

3.53 (2.28, 5.46)

 

2.28 (1.37, 3.80)

 

2.25 (1.34, 3.79)*

Age of marriage

< 18 years

1

 

1

 

1

> 18 years

0.79 (0.66, 0.95)

 

0.91 (0.75, 1.11)

 

0.90 (0.74, 1.10)

Husband occupation

Not working

1

 

1

 

1

Gov’t employee

0.89 (0.65, 1.23)

 

0.92 (0.66, 1.29)

 

0.90 (0.64, 1.27)

Merchant

0.51 (0.33, 0.79)

 

0.67 (0.42, 1.07)

 

0.68 (0.43, 1.10)

Labourer

0.61 (0.42, 0.89)

 

0.76 (0.51, 1.13)

 

0.79 (0.53, 1.18)

Others*

1.05 (0.65, 1.71)

 

1.39 (0.83, 2.34)

 

1.44 (0.85, 2.44)

Education status of a mother

Not educated

1

 

1

 

1

Primary

0.76 (0.64, 0.90)

 

1.23 (0.98, 1.55)

 

1.23 (0.97, 1.53)

Secondary

0.52 (0.36, 0.74)

 

1.11 (0.71, 1.76)

 

1.15 (0.72, 1.84)

College and above

0.36 (0.24, 0.55)

 

0.88 (0.55, 1.42)

 

0.94 (0.58, 1.53)

Education status of husband

Not educated

1

 

1

 

1

Primary

0.72 (0.59, 0.86)

 

0.92 (0.76, 1.12)

 

0.88 (0.72, 1.08)

Secondary

0.49 (0.37, 0.65)

 

0.86 (0.61, 1.22)

 

0.84 (0.59, 1.19)

Higher and above

0.54 (0.37, 0.79)

 

1.09 (0.69, 1.72)

 

1.09 (0.69, 1.74)

Number of living children

< 3

1

 

1

 

1

> 3

2.28 (1.89, 2.73)

 

1.88 (1.42, 2.49)

 

1.87 (1.40, 2.49)*

Wealth

Poorest

1

 

1

 

1

Poorer

0.91 (0.73, 1.14)

 

0.99 (0.78, 1.26)

 

0.92 (0.72, 1.17)

Middle

0.78 (0.60, 1.01)

 

0.86 (0.65, 1.13)

 

0.79 (0.60, 1.04)

Richer

0.68 (0.52, 0.89)

 

0.78 (0.59, 1.03)

 

0.73 (0.54, 0.97)*

Richest

0.47 (0.36, 0.63)

 

0.67 (0.46, 0.99)

 

0.68 (0.44, 1.05)

Visit health facility in the last 12 months

No

1

 

1

 

1

Yes

0.77 (0.65, 0.92)

 

0.87 (0.73, 1.02)

 

0.86 (0.72, 1.02)

Distance to a health facility

Big problem

1

 

1

 

1

Not a big problem

0.77 (0.63, 0.93)

 

0.88 (0.72, 1.08)

 

0.96 (0.77, 1.18)

Religion

Orthodox

1

 

1

 

1

Protestant

0.97 (0.75, 1.27)

 

0.92 (0.69, 1.23)

 

0.74 (0.53, 1.03)

Muslim

1.54 (1.24, 1.93)

 

1.43 (1.12, 1.82)

 

1.37 (1.02, 1.83)*

Others**

1.93 (1.15, 3.24)

 

1.94 (1.12, 3.38)

 

1.50 (0.84, 2.69)

Married more than once

No

1

 

1

 

1

Yes

1.39 (1.13, 1.72)

 

1.27 (1.02, 1.56)

 

1.31 (1.06, 1.62)*

Media exposure

No

1

 

1

 

1

Yes

0.70 (0.57, 0.86)

 

0.90 (0.71, 1.14)

 

0.89 (0.71, 1.13)

Community-level variables

Place of residence

Urban

1

  

1

1

Rural

2.24 (1.82, 2.75)

  

1.59 (1.06, 2.38)

1.35 (0.84, 2.16)

Region

Addis Ababa

1

  

1

1

Tigray

1.74 (1.28, 2.36)

  

0.87 (0.59, 1.27)

0.88 (0.5, 1.37)

Afar

1.70 (1.22, 2.38)

  

0.79 (0.52, 1.22)

0.61 (0.35, 1.05)

Amhara

1.55 (1.15, 2.08)

  

0.72 (0.49, 1.06)

0.67 (0.42, 1.05)

Oromia

3.21 (2.40, 4.28)

  

1.50 (1.02, 2.20)

1.43 (0.89, 2.27)

Somali

1.17 (0.82, 1.67)

  

0.52 (0.33, 0.81)

0.34 (0.19, 0.61)*

Benishangul Gumze

2.37 (1.72, 3.26)

  

1.12 (0.75, 1.66)

1.02 (0.64, 1.62)

SNNP

2.18 (1.60, 2.95)

  

0.98 (0.66, 1.47)

1.19 (0.75, 1.91)

Gambela

2.50 (1.75, 3.58)

  

1.46 (0.94, 2.27)

1.64 (0.99, 2.70)

Harari

2.23 (1.57, 3.16)

  

1.37 (0.95, 1.96)

1.27 (0.81, 2.00)

Dire Dewa

2.07 (1.40, 3.07)

  

1.34 (0.90, 1.98)

1.12 (0.69, 1.82)

Continuous variables

Coefficient

(95% CI)

  

Coefficient

(95% CI)

Coefficient

(95% CI)

Community level of media exposure

−0.006(−0.011,

−0.002)

  

0.99 (0.99, 1.00)

0.99 (0.99, 1.00)

Community level of education

−0.014(−0.018,

−0.010)

  

0.99 (0.98, 1.00)

1.00 (0.99, 1.01)

  1. * = significant at 5%, SNNP = Southern nation, nationalities and peoples, Others* = who didn’t know at the time of interview and recorded as others in EDHS primarily, Others** = Catholic and traditional religion followers