Table 2 Summary of study characteristics, including design, country, population and setting, and measured variables
From: The impact of health literacy environment on patient stress: a systematic review
Source | Design | Country | Population & Setting | Measured variables |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient stressor scales | ||||
 Biancofiore et al. 2005 [22] | Cross-sectional survey | Italy | 104 orthotopic liver transplant patients, 103 elective major abdominal surgery patients, 35 ICU nurses & 21 ICU physicians, in a 10-bed post-surgical ICU | ICU Environmental Stressor Scale |
 Causey et al. 1998 [35] | Cross-sectional survey | USA | 40 child & adolescent patients admitted to Ackerly Psychiatric Inpatient Unit, at major medical hospital | Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospitalisation Stressor Survey |
 Dias, Resende & Diniz 2015 [19] | Cross-sectional survey | Brazil | 60 patients in 2 hospital ICUs (30 each) | Assessment Scale for Stressors in the Intensive Care Unit (Brazilian-Portuguese version of Environmental Stressor Questionnaire) |
 Hweidi 2007 [39] | Cross-sectional survey | Jordan | 165 patients in 3 CCUs | ICU Environmental Stressor Scale (Arabic version, 42 items) |
 Lam Soh et al. 2008 [40] | Cross-sectional survey | Malaysia | 70 ventilated adult patients in 4 ICUs (general ICU, urology ICU, CCU) | Modified Environmental Stressor Questionnaire (translated to Bahasa Malaysia) |
 Novaes et al. 1999 [23] | Cross-sectional survey | Brazil | 50 sets of adult patients, respective relatives & health team professionals in a general adult ICU | ICU Environmental Stressor Scale (translated to Portuguese, 40 items) |
 Pang & Suen 2008 [41] | Cross-sectional survey | China | 60 patients & 54 critical care nurses in a hospital ICU | ICU Stressor Questionnaire (Chinese) (translated from Environmental Stress Questionnaire) |
 Samuelson, Lundberg & Fridlund 2007 [42] | Cross-sectional survey | Sweden | 313 adult patients who had been intubated and mechanically ventilated in 2 general ICUs | ICU Stressful Experiences Questionnaire |
 So & Chan 2004 [43] | Cross-sectional survey | China | 50 patients & 92 nurses directly involved in the care of patients in 3 CCUs | ICU Environmental Stressor Scale (Chinese version, 42 items) |
 Yava et al. 2011 [44] | Cross-sectional survey | Turkey | 155 adult patients & 152 ICU nurses in ICUs of 2 hospitals | ICU Environmental Stressor Scale (translated to Turkish) |
 Yeh et al. 2009 [36] | Cross-sectional survey | Taiwan | 2642 patients, 15 years or older, with end-stage renal disease on dialysis for at least 3 months, at 5 medical centres, 5 regional hospitals, 10 community hospitals & 7 independent haemodialysis centres | Haemodialysis Stressor Scale (Chinese adaption) |
Parental stressor scales | ||||
 Board & Ryan-Wenger 2003 [45] | Cross-sectional survey | USA | 31 mothers with child in PICU & 32 mothers with child in GCU, in large 311-bed children’s hospital in Midwest | PSS: PICU |
 Board 2004 [46] | Cross-sectional survey | USA | 15 fathers with child in PICU & 10 fathers with child in GCU, in large children’s hospital in Midwest | PSS: PICU |
 Franck et al. 2005 [47] | Cross-sectional survey | UK & USA | 257 parents of infants admitted to NICU (184 mothers, 73 fathers), in 9 UK NICUs & 2 US NICUs | PSS: NICU |
 Ichijima, Kirk & Hornblow 2011 [48] | Cross-sectional survey | New Zealand & Japan | 121 parents of children requiring NICU hospitalisation, in Christchurch NICU (n = 61) & Tokyo NICU (n = 60) | PSS: NICU (modified version, ‘communication with staff’ excluded, translated to Japanese) |
 Lee et al. 2005 [49] | Cross-sectional survey | USA | 55 Chinese or Chinese-American parents of 31 infants in ICU, in tertiary NICU, PICU & cardiac ICU of 3 teaching hospitals | PSS: Infant Hospitalisation-modified (translated to Chinese); Structured interview |
 Miles et al. 2002 [50] | Cross-sectional survey | USA | 69 mothers (31 Black, 38 White) of infants with serious life-threatening illness, in NICU, PICU & selected wards of tertiary care hospital in Southeast | PSS: Infant Hospitalisation (adapted from PSS: NICU) |
 Nizam & Norzila 2001 [51] | Cross-sectional survey | Malaysia | 94 parents or primary caregivers with children admitted to PICU or PHDU | PSS: PICU (translated to Malay) |
 Reid & Bramwell 2003 [52] | Cross-sectional survey | UK | 40 mothers with preterm infants in NICU | PSS: NICU |
Qualitative and experimental studies | ||||
 Larsen, Larsen & Birkelund 2014 [37] | Descriptive | Denmark | 20 adult Danish-speaking hospitalised cancer patients, in large university hospital & smaller regional hospital | Participant observation; Individual semi-structured interviews |
 Beukeboom, Langeveld & Tanja-Dijkstra 2012 [26] | Controlled trial | The Netherlands | 457 patients (160 ‘no plants’, 150 ‘real plants’, 147 ‘posters’), in Radiology Department waiting room | DV: Experienced stress level measured by combined score on Profile of Mood states (shortened version) & State Trait Anxiety Inventory (Dutch, abridged); Perceived attractiveness of room Intervention: Exposure to nature (real plants vs. posters vs. no plants) |
 Cantekin & Tan 2013 [53] | Controlled before and after | Turkey | 100 patients receiving haemodialysis treatment (50 control, 50 experimental), at haemodialysis units of 2 hospitals | DV: Perceived stressors measured by Hemodialysis Stressor Scale Intervention: Music therapy (Turkish art music songs) |
 Lilja, Ryden & Fridlund 1998 [38] | Pre-post study | Sweden | 44 breast cancer patients (22 intervention, 22 control) & 50 total hip replacement patients (22 intervention, 28 control), in 400-bed hospital in south-west Sweden | DV: Stress conceptualised by serum cortisol measured 1 day pre-op, day of surgery, day 1 post-op & day 3 post-op Intervention: Preoperative information from anaesthetic nurse |
 Muller-Nordhorn et al. 2006 [54] | Pre-post study (parallel) | Germany | 138 adult patients (64 inpatient, 74 outpatient), with indication for elective pacemaker implantation or system change, in teaching hospital or outpatient clinic | DV: Subjective stress measured by German Short Questionnaire on Current Stress Intervention: Pacemaker implantation |