Table 3 Themes and Sub-Themes Represented by Included Studies

Physical Health Problems (n = 9)

Physical Injuries (n = 2)

[30, 38]

HIV (n = 6)

[30, 36, 38, 39, 44, 46]

Visual Impairments (n = 2)

[35, 37]

Hypertension (n = 1)

[35]

Skin diseases (n = 2)

[35, 38]

Physical disabilities (n = 2)

[35, 38]

Coughing (n = 3)

[35, 37, 46]

Stomach diseases (n = 2)

[37, 46]

Tuberculosis (n = 3)

[37,38,39]

Dental Problems (n = 1)

[37]

Arthritis (n = 1)

[37]

Diabetes (n = 1)

[37]

Pneumonia (n = 1)

[37]

Asthma (n = 1)

[37]

Severe headache (n = 2)

[37, 46]

Cardiac diseases (n = 1)

[40]

Pulmonary diseases (n = 1)

[40]

Fever (n = 1)

[46]

Malaise (n = 1)

[46]

Mental Health Problems (n = 5)

Mental neurologic and substance use (MNS) disorder (n = 1)

[11]

Psychotic Disorders (n = 3)

[11, 42, 43]

Depression (n = 1)

[38]

Schizophrenia (n = 3)

[38, 42, 43]

Bipolar and mood disorders (n = 2)

[38, 42]

Psychological distress (n = 2)

[41, 42]

Anxiety (n = 1)

[41]

Alcohol use disorders (n = 1)

[42]

Suicide thoughts and attempts (n = 1)

[42]

Intellectual disability (n = 1)

[43]

Mental and behavioural disturbance (n = 1)

[43]

Healthcare Service Utilisation (n = 5)

Low hospital and clinic care utilisation (n = 4)

[30, 35, 37, 38]

Complementary care usage (Drug vendors, traditional healers) (n = 2)

[35, 38]

Self-medication (n = 1)

[35]

Lifetime and current usage of modern contraceptives (n = 1)

[45]