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Table 1 Characteristics of study participants at baseline

From: Smoking, heavy drinking, physical inactivity, and obesity among middle-aged and older adults in China: cross-sectional findings from the baseline survey of CHARLS 2011–2012

 

Total (n = 17,302)

Urban (n = 7003)

Rural (n = 10,299)

P-value

Age, year, mean (Standard deviation)

59.67 (19.71)

59.49 (24.27)

59.86 (19.28)

0.280

Age groups, n (%)

   

0.131

 45-

6079 (36.22)

2537 (37.67)

3542 (34.77)

 

 55-

6439 (34.95)

2558 (34.12)

3881 (35.78)

 

 65-

3228 (18.02)

1249 (17.26)

1979 (18.78)

 

 75-

1348 (9.05)

574 (9.27)

774 (8.83)

 

 85-

208 (1.76)

85 (1.68)

123 (1.84)

 

Female, n (%)

8881 (51.66)

3679 (52.49)

5202 (50.82)

0.022

Education level, n (%)a

   

< 0.001

 Sishu/home school and below

7801 (42.51)

2272 (30.17)

5539 (54.86

 

 Elementary school and middle school

7259 (42.10)

3162 (45.24)

4097 (38.94)

 

 High school and above

2211 (15.40)

1559 (24.59)

652 (6.20)

 

Smoking status, n (%)a

   

< 0.001

 Never

10,278 (63.47)

4297 (65.67)

5981 (61.29)

 

 Former

1410 (9.07)

609 (10.13)

801 (8.03)

 

 Current

4829 (27.46)

1765 (24.21)

3064 (30.68)

 

Alcohol consumption, n(%)a

   

0.081

 Never

11,822 (70.13)

4855 (71.38)

6967 (68.88)

 

 Former

1040 (5.62)

424 (5.52)

616 (5.72)

 

 Current but not heavy drinker

2996 (17.03)

1146 (16.64)

1850 (17.41)

 

 Heavy drinker

1352 (7.23)

519 (6.46)

833 (7.99)

 

BMI category, n (%)a

   

< 0.001

 Underweight (< 18.5)

918 (6.81)

227 (4.50)

691 (8.65)

 

 Normal (18.5–23.9)

7056 (52.01)

2299 (45.58)

4757 (57.12)

 

 Overweight (24.0–27.9)

3849 (29.66)

1679 (35.00)

2170 (25.41)

 

 Obesity (≥28)

1501 (11.53)

729 (14.92)

772 (8.82)

 

Physical inactivity, n (%)b

   

< 0.001

 No

4034 (55.94)

1330 (45.32)

2704 (65.80)

 

 Yes

2727 (44.06)

1388 (54.68)

1339 (34.20)

 

Hypertension, n (%)

   

0.003

 Previously knew

4298 (26.21)

1967 (29.46)

2331 (22.97)

 

 Newly detected

2225 (12.92)

843 (12.05)

1382 (13.78)

 

High Cholesterol, n (%)

   

< 0.001

 Previously knew

1579 (10.11)

881 (13.41)

698 (6.81)

 

 Newly detected

1090 (5.75)

382 (4.45)

708 (7.06)

 

Diabetes, n (%)

   

< 0.001

 Previously knew

992 (6.16)

562 (8.18)

430 (4.14)

 

 Newly detected

1107 (6.13)

421 (5.68)

686 (6.58)

 

Cardiovascular diseases, n (%)

2380 (13.82)

1171 (15.98)

1209 (11.68)

< 0.001

  1. aThere are 31 missing in education, 785 missing in smoking, 92 missing in alcohol consumption, 3978 missing in measuring BMI, 181, 439, 253 and 141 in hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases
  2. bPhysical inactivity was defined in a sub-sample, with total number 6761, of them, 2718 were in urban area, and 4043 were in rural area. BMI: body mass index