Table 1 Characteristics of 401 mother child dyads characteristics in rural South Africa and Tanzania

Sex

119 (51.7)

84 (49.1)

203 (50.6)

89 (50.9)

Bodyweight for Age

-0.32 [-0.94, 0.28]

-0.03 [-0.61, 0.58]

-0.18[-0.85, 0.38]

-0.36 [-0.94, 0.16]

 Organization of the Environment

132 (58.4)^*

99 (57.9)

231 (58.2)^*

64 (59.8)^*

 Provision of Play Material

128 (56.6)^*

112 (65.5)

240 (60.5)^*

69 (64.5)^*

 Opportunities for Stimulation

143 (63.3)^*

139 (81.3)

282 (71.0)^*

80 (74.8)^*

 Cleanliness of the Child

200 (88.5)^*

64 (37.4)

264 (66.5)^*

71 (66.4)^*

 WAMI – Socioeconomic Status

0.79 [0.71, 0.85]^*

0.20 [0.13, 0.39]

0.66 [0.32, 0.80]^*

0.30 (0.20, 0.51)^*

 Responsivity of the Caregiver

68 (30.1)

136 (79.5)

204 (51.4)

76 (71.0)

 Avoidance of Punishment

96 (42.8)

158 (92.4)

254 (64.0)

91 (85.1)

 Promotion of Child Development

180 (79.7)

137 (80.1)

317 (79.9)

88 (82.2)

 Depressive Symptoms 1,6, 12 mo.

53 (23.3)^*

38 (22.2)

91 (22.8)^*

43 (30.3)^*

 Depressive Symptoms 24, 36 mo.

62 (28.6)^*

33 (19.9)^*

95 (24.8)^*

12 (30.8)^*

 Depressive Symptoms 60 mo.

46 (20.1)^*

22 (13.4)^*

68 (17.3)^*

3 (17.7)^*

 Maternal Education > 7/10years

115 (50.0)

98 (57.3)

213 (53.1)

104 (59.4)