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Table 1 Sociodemographic, lifestyle and health-seeking characteristics of participants with and without type 2 diabetes

From: Correlates of type 2 diabetes and glycaemic control in adults in Saudi Arabia a secondary data analysis of the Saudi health interview survey

 

Type 2 diabetes

N = 808

No type 2 diabetes

N = 10,013

Odds Ratio

(95% CI)

p-value

Total n

n (%)

Total n

n (%)

  

Sociodemographic characteristics

Gender

808

 

10,013

   

Male

 

477 (59)

 

4819 (48.1)

REF

 

Female

 

331 (41)

 

5194 (51.9)

0.64 (0.55, 0.74)

<  0.001

Missing

0

 

0

   

Age

802

 

9933

   

15-54

 

352 (43.9)

 

8646 (87)

REF

 

≥ 55

 

450 (56.1)

 

1287 (13)

8.58 (7.38, 9.99)

<  0.001

Missing N%?

6 (%)

 

80 (%)

   

Marital status

806

 

9978

   

Married

 

619 (76.8)

 

4613 (64.3)

REF

 

Not married

 

187 (23.2)

 

3565 (35.7)

0.54 (0.45, 0.64)

<  0.001

Missing

2

 

35

   

Education level

806

 

9991

   

Primary school or less

 

477 (59.2)

 

2847 (28.5)

REF

 

Elementary or high school College degree or higher education completed

 

329 (40.8)

 

7177 (71.5)

0.27 (0.23, 0.31)

<  0.001

Missing

2

 

22

   

BMI

797

 

9915

   

Overweight or obesity

 

687 (86.2)

 

6466 (65.2)

REF

 

Normal weight

 

110 (13.8)

 

3449 (34.8)

0.30 (0.24, 0.36)

<  0.001

Missing

11

 

98

   

Lifestyle characteristics

Smoking status

808

 

10,013

   

Previous smoker

 

59 (7.3)

 

404 (4)

REF

 

Current smoker

 

114 (14.1)

 

1252 (12.5)

0.62 (0.44, 0.87)

<  0.001

Never smoked

 

635 (78.6)

 

8357 (83.5)

0.52 (0.39, 0.69)

<  0.001

Missing

0

 

0

   

Dietary fat intake

793

 

9828

   

Vegetable or olive oils

 

731 (92.2)

 

8993 (91.5)

REF

 

Animal fat or margarine or none in particular

 

62 (7.8)

 

835 (8.5)

0.91 (0.69, 1.19)

0.509

Missing

15

 

185

   

Dietary meat intake

744

 

9048

   

0–7

 

559 (75.1)

 

5859 (64.8)

REF

 

8+

 

185 (24.9)

 

3189 (35.2)

0.60 (0.51, 0.72)

<  0.001

Missing

64

 

965

   

Dietary fruit and vegetable intake

726

 

8885

   

0–2

 

377 (51.9)

 

4628 (52.1)

REF

 

3+

 

349 (48.1)

 

4257 (47.9)

1.00 (0.86, 1.17)

0.938

Missing

82

 

1128

   

Dietary fast food intake

698

 

8661

   

0–1

 

603 (86.4)

 

5557 (64.2)

REF

 

2+

 

95 (13.6)

 

3104 (35.8)

0.28 (0.22, 0.35)

<  0.001

Missing

110

 

1352

   

Work physical activity

808

 

10,013

   

No

 

800 (99)

 

9791 (97.8)

REF

 

Yes

 

8 (1)

 

222 (2.2)

0.44 (0.21, 0.89)

0.021

Missing

0

 

0

   

Sport physical activity

808

 

10,013

   

No

 

771 (95.4)

 

8878 (88.7)

REF

 

Yes

 

37 (4.6)

 

1135 (11.3)

0.37 (0.26, 0.52)

<  0.01

Missing

0

 

0

   

Walking behaviour

802

 

9904

   

No

 

394 (49.1)

 

3991 (40.3)

REF

 

Yes

 

408 (50.9)

 

5913 (59.7)

0.69 (0.60, 0.80)

<  0.01

Missing

4

 

109

   

TV viewing time

709

 

8644

   

0–3 Hours

 

459 (64.7)

 

5090 (58.9)

REF

 

4+ Hours

 

250 (35.3)

 

3554 (41.1)

0.78 (0.66, 0.91)

0.002

Missing

9

 

1369

   

Sitting time

732

 

8674

   

0–4 Hours

 

345 (47.7)

 

4984 (57.5)

REF

 

5+ Hours

 

387 (52.3)

 

3690 (42.5)

1.48 (1.27, 1.72)

<  0.001

Missing

76

 

1339

   

Health seeking behaviours

Hypertension

808

 

9945

   

No

 

34 (4.2)

 

2610 (26.2)

REF

 

Yes

 

774 (95.8)

 

7335 (73.8)

8.10 (5.72, 11.45)

<  0.001

Missing

0

 

68

   

Chronic disease diagnosis

755

 

9673

   

No

 

560 (74.2)

 

8923 (92.2)

REF

 

Yes

 

195 (25.8)

 

750 (7.8)

4.14 (3.46, 4.95)

<  0.001

Missing

53

 

340

   

Self-reported health status

806

 

9980

   

Very good or good

 

627 (77.8)

 

9278 (93)

REF

 

Fair or poor

 

179 (22.2)

 

702 (7)

3.77 (3.14, 4.53)

<  0.001

Missing

2

 

33

   

Self-reported health status compared with 12 months

794

 

9896

   

Better or same

 

563 (70.9)

 

8482 (85.7)

REF

 

Worse

 

231 (29.1)

 

1414 (14.3)

2.46 (2.09, 2.89)

<  0.001

Missing

14

 

117

   

Visited health service

519

 

6781

   

Illness or injury

 

66 (12.7)

 

1303 (19.2)

REF

 

Other services

 

453 (87.3)

 

5478 (80.8)

1.63 (1.25, 2.12)

<  0.001

Missing

289

 

3232

   
  1. REF Reference category for statistical analysis, CI Confidence interval, BMI Body mass index