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Table 4 The relationship between the socio-demographic and health-related characteristics of survey respondents and their prompted cancer risk factor awareness (linear regression)

From: Cancer symptom and risk factor awareness in Malaysia: findings from a nationwide cross-sectional study

  

Multiple linear regression

Mean (SD)

Difference in mean (95% CI)

p

Adjusted differnce in meana (95% CI)

p

Gender

 Male

7.4 (2.7)

Reference

 

Reference

0.716

 Female

7.5 (2.8)

0.16 (− 0.09; 0.41)

0.201

− 0.05 (− 0.33; 0.23)

Age

 40–49 years

7.6 (2.6)

Reference

 

Reference

 

 50–59 years

7.1 (3.0)

− 0.57 (− 0.86, − 0.27)

< 0.001

−0.44 (− 0.74; − 0.14)

0.003

 60 + years

7.1 (2.8)

−0.58 (− 1.00; − 0.17)

0.006

−0.27 (− 0.70; 0.16)

0.22

Ethnicity

 Malay

8.0 (2.5)

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Chinese

6.8 (3.0)

−1.23 (− 1.49; −0.97)

< 0.001

−1.36 (− 1.62; − 1.10)

< 0.001

 Indian

7.4 (2.3)

− 0.60 (− 1.05; − 0.15)

0.008

−0.79 (− 1.24; − 0.34)

< 0.001

 Others

7.0 (2.6)

−1.03 (− 1.76; − 0.29)

0.006

−0.79 (− 1.53; − 0.06)

0.034

Education level

 No formal education

4.9 (3.5)

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Primary

7.2 (3.0)

2.31 (1.22; 3.40)

< 0.001

2.44 (1.34; 3.55)

< 0.001

 Secondary

7.4 (2.8)

2.6 (1.56; 3.60)

< 0.001

2.69 (1.61; 3.76)

< 0.001

 Tertiary

7.7 (2.5)

2.81 (1.78; 3.84)

< 0.001

2.95 (1.85; 4.05)

< 0.001

Marital Status

 Married

7.5 (2.8)

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Not married

7.5 (2.6)

0.03 (−0.35; 0.41)

0.868

−0.20 (−0.58; 0.17)

0.291

Transport ownership

 None

7.3 (3.2)

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Yes, one

7.5 (2.7)

0.24 (−0.35; 0.83)

0.428

−0.28 (− 0.89; 0.33)

0.369

 Yes, more than one

7.4 (2.7)

0.15 (−0.45; 0.75)

0.633

−0.56 (−1.19; 0.07)

0.079

Smoking

 Current smoker

7.0 (2.8)

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Ex-smoker

7.5 (3.1)

0.45 (−0.13; 1.02)

0.128

0.35 (−0.21; 0.92)

0.218

 Never smoked

7.6 (2.7)

0.56 (0.24; 0.88)

0.001

0.68 (0.34; 1.03)

< 0.001

Self-related health

 Fair to very poor

7.3 (2.8)

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Good to very good

7.5 (2.7)

0.26 (−0.02; 0.53)

0.066

0.23 (− 0.04; 0.50)

0.095

Access to doctor

 Easy

7.5 (2.7)

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Difficult

7.3 (2.9)

−0.11 (−0.73; 0.50)

0.719

−0.16; (− 0.76; 0.45)

0.612

Experience with cancer

 Yes

7.3 (3.0)

Reference

 

Reference

 

 No

7.5 (2.7)

0.18 (−0.13; 0.49)

0.249

−0.02 (− 0.29; 0.33)

0.902

  1. aModel contains gender, age groups (in categories as shown in Table 1), ethnicity, education level, marital status, household ownership of motorised vehicle, smoking status, self-reported health, access to doctors and experience of cancer