Table 5 Instrumental Variable Fixed Effect Panel Estimates (including age-group interaction effects)

General health

0.0423^*

0.0824^**

0.00360

(1.78)

(2.29)

(0.11)

General health*Age1

0.0390^***

0.0279^***

0.0490^***

(5.74)

(2.77)

(5.29)

General health*Age2

0.0793^***

0.0550^***

0.102^***

(6.94)

(3.14)

(6.68)

GHQ12

−0.0202^***

−0.0136^*

− 0.0226^***

(−4.58)

(−1.95)

(−3.96)

GHQ12*Age1

0.0105^***

0.00894^***

0.0103^***

(5.36)

(2.73)

(4.16)

GHQ12*Age2

0.0125^***

0.00989^*

0.0127^***

(4.03)

(1.91)

(3.21)

Age

−0.0137^***

− 0.0157^***

− 0.0122^***

− 0.0134^***

− 0.0164^***

− 0.0108^***

(− 12.86)

(−9.79)

(−8.53)

(− 12.85)

(− 10.57)

(−7.63)

BHPS

− 0.125^***

− 0.122^***

− 0.127^***

−0.125^***

− 0.124^***

−0.125^***

(− 10.65)

(−6.86)

(−8.12)

(− 10.67)

(−7.02)

(− 8.00)

Couple

0.0524^***

0.0527^***

0.0607^***

0.0487^***

0.0432^**

0.0611^***

(4.06)

(2.62)

(3.61)

(3.81)

(2.19)

(3.64)

Higher Education

0.191^***

0.111^**

0.246^***

0.170^***

0.0846^*

0.229^***

(6.18)

(2.52)

(5.84)

(5.57)

(1.93)

(5.49)

Child 0–2

−0.0679^***

−0.0832^***

−0.0557^***

−0.0640^***

− 0.0837^***

−0.0470^***

(−6.70)

(−5.40)

(−4.14)

(− 6.51)

(−5.62)

(−3.58)

Child 3–4

−0.0366^***

−0.0480^***

− 0.0252^*

−0.0318^***

− 0.0474^***

−0.0162

(− 3.49)

(−2.92)

(−1.84)

(− 3.08)

(−2.95)

(− 1.20)

Child 5–11

0.0522^***

0.0197^*

0.0768^***

0.0529^***

0.0226^**

0.0779^***

(7.26)

(1.83)

(7.94)

(7.45)

(2.13)

(8.15)

Child 12–15

0.0374^***

0.0383^***

0.0368^***

0.0396^***

0.0374^***

0.0436^***

(4.62)

(3.10)

(3.40)

(4.95)

(3.10)

(4.07)

Real Family Income

0.0000185^***

0.0000184^***

0.0000212^***

0.0000191^***

0.0000178^***

0.0000238^***

(5.97)

(4.74)

(4.12)

(6.18)

(4.61)

(4.63)

Self employed

−0.0262

−0.00907

−0.0152

−0.0346

−0.0197

−0.0261

(−0.73)

(−0.17)

(− 0.30)

(− 0.98)

(−0.39)

(− 0.52)

Employed

0.0498

0.103^**

0.0124

0.0421

0.0885^*

0.0101

(1.54)

(2.08)

(0.29)

(1.33)

(1.88)

(0.24)

Unemployed

−0.0407

0.00570

− 0.0822^*

−0.0295

− 0.00168

−0.0565

(−1.20)

(0.11)

(−1.79)

(−0.87)

(−0.03)

(−1.21)

Retired

−0.0861^**

−0.0625

− 0.101^**

−0.0793^**

− 0.0756

−0.0803^*

(−2.45)

(−1.13)

(−2.22)

(−2.29)

(− 1.40)

(− 1.76)

Maternity leave

−0.0186

−0.0548

−0.0367

−0.0694

(−0.39)

(−0.99)

(−0.78)

(−1.25)

Family care

−0.0140

−0.0529

− 0.0362

−0.00906

− 0.0399

−0.0226

(−0.41)

(−0.75)

(− 0.82)

(− 0.27)

(−0.60)

(− 0.52)

Full-time study

0.0818^**

0.138^**

0.0448

0.0643^*

0.103^*

0.0416

(2.17)

(2.38)

(0.90)

(1.75)

(1.85)

(0.85)

Long-term sick

−0.0557

−0.0296

−0.0808^*

− 0.0565

−0.0730

− 0.0498

(−1.52)

(−0.53)

(− 1.68)

(− 1.53)

(−1.33)

(− 1.00)

Constant

1.339^***

1.382^***

1.308^***

1.698^***

1.835^***

1.551^***

(13.40)

(8.97)

(9.97)

(23.22)

(17.10)

(15.50)

n

150,298

67,144

83,154

153,382

68,525

84,857

Sargan-Hansen χ²(3)

4.704

5.133

3.595

3.577

5.368

2.665

 F(6, 34,423)

387.91^***

5577.27^***

2165.37^***

 F(6, 15,243)

169.51^***

2220.16^***

775.10^***

 F(6, 19,176)

217.73^***

3317.82^***

1370.18^***

 F(6, 34,499)

212.20^***

2499.68^***

1267.15^***

 F(6, 15,270)

100.03^***

1069.29^***

509.63^***

 F(6, 19,225)

116.42^***

1454.89^***

762.86^***