Table 5 Maximum likelihood estimates of Partial proportional odds model
From: Determinants of under-nutrition among children under five years of age in Ethiopia
Predictors | Moderate and severe undernourished versus nourished | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | Std. Error | Z | P > |z| | Odds ratio | 95% CI for OR | |
Region | ||||||
 Afar | − 0.060 | 0.114 | − 0.53 | 0.597 | 0.942 | (0.754, 1.177) |
 Amhara | 0.328 | 0.101 | 3.25 | 0.001 | 1.389 | (1.140, 1.693) |
 Oromia | −0.372 | 0.096 | −3.86 | 0.000 | 0.689 | (0.571, 0.833) |
 Somali | −0.670 | 0.108 | −6.21 | 0.000 | 0.512 | (0.414, 0.632) |
 Benishangul | 0.117 | 0.112 | 1.05 | 0.295 | 1.124 | (0.903, 1.401) |
 SNNPR | −0.355 | 0.100 | −3.54 | 0.000 | 0.701 | (0.576, 0.853) |
 Gambela | −0.715 | 0.127 | −5.65 | 0.000 | 0.489 | (0.382, 0.627) |
 Harari | −0.213 | 0.127 | −1.68 | 0.092 | 0.808 | (0.630, 1.036) |
 Addis Ababa | −0.812 | 0.173 | −4.69 | 0.000 | 0.444 | (0.316, 0.624) |
 Dire Dawa | −0.097 | 0.138 | −0.70 | 0.485 | 0.908 | (0.692, 1.191) |
 Residence | ||||||
 Rural | −0.138 | 0.104 | −1.32 | 0.186 | 0.871 | (0.711, 1.069) |
Mother’s education | ||||||
 Primary | −0.100 | 0.061 | −1.62 | 0.105 | 0.905 | (0.803, 1.021) |
 Secondary &> | −0.547 | 0.116 | −4.72 | 0.000 | 0.579 | (0.461, 0.726) |
Drinking water | ||||||
 Unimproved | 0.102 | 0.051 | 2.01 | 0.045 | 1.108 | (1.002, 1.224) |
House hold size | ||||||
 5–9 | 0.054 | 0.069 | 0.78 | 0.434 | 1.055 | (0.922, 1.207) |
 10 and more | 0.208 | 0.123 | 1.70 | 0.089 | 1.232 | (0.969, 1.567) |
No children < 5 years | ||||||
 2 | −0.144 | 0.076 | −1.90 | 0.057 | 0.866 | (0.746, 1.004) |
 3 and more | 0.150 | 0.055 | 2.72 | 0.007 | 1.162 | (1.043, 1.294) |
Wealth index | ||||||
 Poorer | 0.082 | 0.070 | 1.18 | 0.238 | 1.085 | (0.947, 1.244) |
 Middle | −0.204 | 0.076 | −2.67 | 0.008 | 0.815 | (0.702, 0.947) |
 Richer | −0.453 | 0.083 | −5.44 | 0.000 | 0.636 | (0.540, 0.748) |
 Richest | −0.447 | 0.113 | −3.96 | 0.000 | 0.639 | (0.512, 0.798) |
Anemia | ||||||
 Anemic | 0.197 | 0.050 | 3.95 | 0.000 | 1.218 | (1.105, 1.344) |
Husband’s Education | ||||||
 Primary | − 0.087 | 0.059 | −1.47 | 0.141 | 0.916 | (0.816, 1.030) |
 Secondary &> | −0.171 | 0.086 | −2.00 | 0.045 | 0.924 | (0.769, 1.109) |
Birth order | ||||||
 2–3 | −0.059 | 0.074 | −0.79 | 0.428 | 0.943 | (0.816, 1.090) |
 4–5 | −0.035 | 0.091 | −0.38 | 0.701 | 0.966 | (0.809, 1.154) |
 6 and more | −0.079 | 0.093 | −0.85 | 0.395 | 0.924 | (0.769, 1.109) |
Multiple birth | ||||||
 1st of multiple | 0.725 | 0.210 | 3.45 | 0.001 | 2.066 | (1.369, 3.117) |
 2nd of multiple | 0.796 | 0.222 | 3.58 | 0.000 | 2.216 | (1.430, 3.427) |
Sex | ||||||
 Female | −0.110 | 0.049 | −2.26 | 0.024 | 0.895 | (0.814, 0.985) |
Age of child in month | ||||||
 6–11 | 0.583 | 0.123 | 4.74 | 0.000 | 1.792 | (1.408, 2.281) |
 12–23 | 1.646 | 0.107 | 15.37 | 0.000 | 5.185 | (4.203, 6.395) |
 24–35 | 2.057 | 0.107 | 19.19 | 0.000 | 7.819 | (6.338, 9.647) |
 36–47 | 1.980 | 0.107 | 18.44 | 0.000 | 7.244 | (5.869, 8.941) |
 48–59 | 1.859 | 0.107 | 17.33 | 0.000 | 6.415 | (5.199, 7.916) |
Had fever | ||||||
 Yes | 0.237 | 0.077 | 3.06 | 0.002 | 1.267 | (1.089, 1.475) |
Had cough | ||||||
 Yes | −0.019 | 0.074 | −0.26 | 0.793 | 0.981 | (0.849, 1.133) |
Mother’s age at 1st birth | ||||||
 20–34 | −0.110 | 0.049 | −2.24 | 0.025 | 0.895 | (0.813, 0.986) |
 35–49 | 0.296 | 0.562 | 0.53 | 0.599 | 1.344 | (0.447, 4.046) |
BMI of mother | ||||||
 Normal | −0.349 | 0.055 | −6.36 | 0.000 | 0.705 | (0.633, 0.785) |
 Overweight | −0.939 | 0.106 | −8.87 | 0.000 | 0.391 | (0.318, 0.481) |
Constant | −0.805 | 0.189 | −4.26 | 0.000 | 0.447 | (0.309, 0.647) |