Skip to main content

Table 5 Psychological resources at age 18 and less than 12 months of passive labour market participation at age 25–29

From: Psychological resources in adolescence and the association with labour market participation in early adulthood: a prospective cohort study

 

Total (n = 2173)

Males (n = 1000)

Females (n = 1173)

Crude1

Model 1a

Model 2b

Crude1

Model 1a

Model 2b

Crude1

Model 1a

Model 2b

Total

 Sense of coherence

  Low

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

  Medium

1.5 (1.1–2.0)

1.4 (1.0–1.8)

1.2 (0.8–1.6)

1.8 (1.1–2.8)

1.4 (0.9–2.3)

1.2 (0.7–1.9)

1.3 (0.9–1.9)

1.3 (0.9–1.9)

1.2 (0.8–1.8)

  High

2.0 (1.4–2.7)

2.0 (1.4–2.8)

1.5 (1.1–2.2)

2.5 (1.5–4.2)

2.4 (1.4–4.1)

1.7 (0.9–3.1)

1.7 (1.1–2.6)

1.8 (1.1–2.7)

1.4 (0.9–2.3)

 Mastery

  Low

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

  Medium

2.4 (1.7–3.3)

2.3 (1.6–3.1)

1.9 (1.3–2.7)

3.2 (1.9–5.4)

3.1 (1.8–5.2)

2.7 (1.5–3.8)

1.9 (1.3–2.9)

1.8 (1.2–2.8)

1.5 (1.0–2.3)

  High

2.4 (1.7–3.3)

2.2 (1.6–3.1)

1.7 (1.1–2.5)

2.9 (1.8–4.9)

2.5 (1.5–4.2)

1.9 (1.1–3.5)

2.0 (1.3–3.1)

2.0 (1.3–3.2)

1.5 (0.9–2.5)

 Self-esteem

  Low

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

  Medium

1.2 (0.9–1.6)

1.2 (0.9–1.6)

0.9 (0.6–1.3)

1.3 (0.8–2.1)

1.2 (0.7–2.1)

1.0 (0.6–1.8)

1.1 (0.8–1.7)

1.1 (0.7–1.7)

0.9 (0.6–1.4)

  High

1.8 (1.3–2.4)

1.7 (1.2–2.3)

1.1 (0.8–1.6)

2.0 (1.2–3.2)

1.8 (1.1–2.9)

1.2 (0.7–2.1)

1.5 (1.0–2.3)

1.5 (1.0–2.3)

1.0 (0.7–1.7)

 Equivalized household income

  Low (< 11,072 €)

(ref.)

  

(ref.)

  

(ref.)

  

  Medium (11,072–13,489 €)

1.0 (0.7–1.4)

  

1.3 (0.8–2.2)

  

0.9 (0.6–1.3)

  

  High (> 13,489 €)

1.4 (1.0–1.9)

  

1.6 (1.0–2.6)

  

1.3 (0.8–1.9)

  

 Parents highest education

  Primary (< 10 years)

(ref.)

  

(ref.)

  

(ref.)

  

  Secondary (10–12 years)

2.2 (1.5–3.2)

  

3.3 (1.8–5.8)

  

1.7 (1.0–2.7)

  

  Tertiary (> 12 years)

2.3 (1.6–3.3)

  

3.3 (1.8–5.8)

  

1.7 (1.0–2.9)

  

Depressive symptoms, age 18

0.9 (0.8–0.9)

  

0.9 (0.8–1.0)

  

0.9 (0.8–0.9)

  

 Self-rated health, age 18

  Poor

(ref.)

  

(ref.)

  

(ref.)

  

  Good

1.9 (1.5–2.5)

  

2.3 (1.5–3.5)

  

1.7 (1.2–2.3)

  

 Negative life-events, age 15

  0 events

(ref.)

  

(ref.)

  

(ref.)

  

  1–2 events

0.6 (0.4–0.8)

  

0.4 (0.3–0.7)

  

0.7 (0.5–1.1)

  

  3–6 events

0.5 (0.3–0.9)

  

0.4 (0.2–1.1)

  

0.5 (0.3–1.1)

  
  1. 1: crude estimates for all included variables
  2. a: model 1: psychological resources (sense of coherence, mastery and self-esteem) individually adjusted for equivalized household income and parent’s highest education
  3. b: model 2: psychological resources individually adjusted for all included covariates
  4. c: confidence intervals (95%) presented for all models