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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study population according to quartiles of each PM10–2.5 and PM2.5 levels at individual’s residential districts

From: Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter is associated with changes in fasting glucose and lipid profiles: a nationwide cohort study

 

Whole

NHIS-NSC

All study population

Quartiles of PM10–2.5 levels

P value

Quartiles of PM2.5 levels

P value

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

Mean level of PM10–2.5,

μg/m3 ± SD

 

22.81

±4.64

17.59

±3.67

21.92

±0.66

24.34

±0.83

28.14

±3.17

< 0.001

22.12

±5.49

23.24

±2.68

23.85

±3.87

21.86

±5.73

< 0.001

Mean level of PM2.5,

μg/m3 ± SD

 

25.94 ± 3.56

25.88

±4.18

25.23

±1.97

26.30

±2.83

26.43

±4.47

< 0.001

21.78

± 1.83

24.97

± 0.62

26.89

± 0.70

30.98

± 2.15

< 0.001

Population, n

1,006,481

85,869

23,354

22,292

19,114

21,109

 

22,717

21,622

22,959

18,571

 

Men, %

50.02

50.77

50.66

50.79

51.03

50.64

0.858

50.25

50.9

50.45

51.65

0.026

Age, %

      

< 0.001

    

< 0.001

 0–19 years

22.21

–

          

 20–39 years

29.26

25.05

21.97

26.51

26.32

25.76

 

22.76

28.01

26.2

22.97

 

 40–64 years

36.87

60.37

62.71

60.08

58.90

59.39

 

62.2

57.24

59.14

63.28

 

 ≥65 years

11.66

14.59

15.32

13.40

14.78

14.85

 

15.04

14.75

14.66

13.75

 

Income level, %

      

< 0.001

    

< 0.001

 Lowest

31.85

27.40

28.42

26.61

27.33

27.19

 

27.57

25.91

26.6

29.93

 

 Lower middle

28.57

28.77

28.44

28.58

28.70

29.41

 

28.34

27.37

29.01

30.64

 

 Higher middle

25.18

28.25

28.77

28.18

27.37

28.53

 

28.94

27.5

28.62

27.83

 

 Highest

14.41

15.57

14.37

16.62

16.61

14.87

 

15.15

19.23

15.78

11.6

 

Smoking status, %

      

0.164

    

< 0.001

 Never smoker

62.10

62.82

62.37

63.00

62.67

63.28

 

62.86

63.22

63.47

61.52

 

 Ex-smoker

14.52

15.64

15.63

15.88

15.46

15.55

 

15.83

16.14

15.57

14.89

 

 Current smoker

23.38

21.54

22.00

21.13

21.87

21.17

 

21.31

20.63

20.96

23.6

 

Alcohol consumption, per week, %

      

< 0.001

    

< 0.001

 None

53.03

51.93

53.39

50.89

50.90

52.35

 

52.3

49.81

51.62

54.33

 

 1–2 times

33.20

34.79

33.71

35.68

35.63

34.30

 

34.37

36.28

35.01

33.33

 

 3–4 times

9.74

9.62

9.18

9.88

9.73

9.71

 

9.67

10.17

9.84

8.63

 

 ≥5 times

4.02

3.66

3.72

3.55

3.74

3.64

 

3.66

3.74

3.54

3.71

 

Physical activitya, %

      

0.055

    

0.053

 Active

30.00

20.53

21.00

20.34

19.98

20.70

 

21.16

20.33

20.24

20.34

 

 Inactive

70.00

79.47

79.00

79.66

80.02

79.30

 

78.84

79.67

79.76

79.66

 

BMIb, kg/m2,

mean ± SD

23.74 ± 3.26

23.64 ± 3.15

23.64

±3.12

23.62

±3.17

23.70

±3.16

23.60

±3.15

0.011

23.69 ± 3.15

23.62 ± 3.19

23.65 ± 3.16

23.58 ± 3.08

0.002

Underweight, %

3.86

3.71

3.37

3.92

3.69

3.89

0.001

3.35

4.17

3.79

3.52

< 0.001

Normal, %

38.99

39.98

40.52

39.84

39.31

40.15

 

39.81

39.7

39.77

40.78

 

Overweight, %

24.60

25.33

25.38

25.53

24.91

25.43

 

25.29

25.02

25.19

25.9

 

Obese, %

32.55

30.98

30.74

30.71

32.09

30.53

 

31.54

31.11

31.25

29.8

 

BP, mmHg,

mean ± SD

 Systolic BP

122.50

± 15.15

121.76

± 14.90

122.23

±14.93

121.51

±14.95

122.03

±15.11

121.29

±14.61

< 0.001

121.60

± 14.66

121.48

± 15.03

121.69

± 15.00

122.38

± 14.91

0.001

 Diastolic BP

76.19

± 10.11

75.56

± 10.08

75.71

±9.96

75.40

±10.16

75.64

±10.29

75.51

±9.93

0.005

75.52

± 9.95

75.45

± 10.30

75.57

± 10.11

75.73

± 9.94

0.045

FBG, mg/dL,

mean ± SD

97.94

± 24.08

97.17

± 22.82

97.24

±23.34

96.86

±21.93

97.12

±22.92

97.48

±23.08

0.039

97.63

± 22.55

96.57

± 22.20

97.42

± 22.63

97.02

± 24.06

< 0.001

TC, mg/dL,

mean ± SD

195.15

± 37.05

195.76

± 36.41

195.95

±36.70

195.41

±36.05

195.22

±36.18

196.41

±36.64

0.003

196.45

± 36.62

195.28

± 35.99

196.17

± 36.25

194.97

± 36.79

< 0.001

TG, mg/dL,

mean ± SD

132.83

± 92.89

128.58

± 89.37

129.89

±90.65

127.75

±89.27

130.62

±89.85

126.15

±87.52

< 0.001

128.03

± 90.00

127.77

± 87.65

127.58

± 88.62

131.43

± 91.43

< 0.001

HDL-C, mg/dL,

mean ± SD

55.84

± 24.43

55.76

± 15.36

55.73

±15.39

55.83

±16.40

55.83

±15.88

55.68

±13.62

0.687

55.80

± 15.80

55.69

± 15.56

55.69

± 15.60

55.90

± 14.25

0.435

LDL-C, mg/dL,

mean ± SD

114.06

± 36.04

114.71

± 34.33

114.76

±34.65

114.45

±33.59

113.82

±35.04

115.74

±34.07

< 0.001

115.57

± 34.72

114.28

± 33.45

115.55

± 34.71

113.13

± 34.32

< 0.001

CCI, %

      

< 0.001

    

< 0.001

 0

33.87

28.83

27.09

29.08

30.29

29.17

 

27.71

30.96

28.64

27.97

 

 1

38.19

31.92

31.66

31.89

31.76

32.39

 

31.23

31.69

32.02

32.92

 

 ≥2

27.94

39.25

41.25

39.03

37.95

38.43

 

41.07

37.35

39.34

39.11

 
  1. Note: PM10–2.5, particulate matter sized 2.5-10 μm in aerodynamic diameter; PM2.5, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm; NHIS-NSC National Health Insurance Service–National Sample Cohort, n, number, SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, FBG fasting blood glucose, TC total cholesterol, TG triglycerides, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, CCI Charlson comorbidity index
  2. a Participants were divided into active or inactive group based on the total minutes of each level of physical activities. Active group was specified as performing for ≥30 min in a day at least 5 days a week in moderate activities, or for ≥20 min in a day at least 3 days a week in vigorous activities
  3. b Participants were categorized as underweight, normal, overweight, and obese by Asia pacific criteria of World Health Organization
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BMC Public Health

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