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Table 4 Demographic and socio-economic factors associated with diabetes status

From: Prevalence of abnormal glucose metabolism among adults attending an outpatient department at a tertiary referral hospital in Swaziland: a cross-sectional study

Variable

NGMb

AGMa

Prediabetes

p-value

T2DM

p-value

Sample, n (%)

332 (86.2)

25 (6.5)

 

28 (7.3)c

 

Mean age (SD)

36.58 (15.01)

45.68 (17.35)

 

44.82 (18.5)

 

Age (years) (n, %)

  

0.001*

 

0.255

 15–24

83 (25.0)

4 (6.0)

 

4 (14.3)

 

 25–34

98 (29.5)

5 (20.0)

 

5 (17.9)

 

 35–44

76 (22.9)

1 (4.0)

 

7 (25.0)

 

 45–54

29 (8.7)

6 (24.0)

 

5 (17.9)

 

 55–64

21 (6.3)

7 (28.0)

 

3 (10.7)

 

 65+

25 (7.5)

2 (8.0)

 

4 (14.3)

 

Gender (n, %)

  

0.795

 

0.001*

 Men

177 (53.3)

14 (56.0)

 

6 (21.4)

 

 Women

155 (46.7)

11 (44.0)

 

22 (78.6)

 

Residence (n, %)

  

0.563

 

0.717

 Rural

165 (50.0)

14 (56.0)

 

13 (46.4)

 

 Urban

165 (50.0)

11 (44.0)

 

15 (53.6)

 

Marital status (n, %)

  

0.131

 

0.371

 Not in uniond

171 (51.7)

9 (36.0)

 

12 (42.9)

 

 In unione

160 (48.3)

16 (64.0)

 

16 (57.1)

 

Hypertension (n, %)

  

0.046*

 

0.710

 Normal

127 (38.3)

4 (16.0)

 

11 (38.3)

 

 Elevated

51 (15.4)

3 (12.0)

 

3 (10.7)

 

 Stage 1

97 (29.2)

9 (36.0)

 

7 (25.0)

 

 Stage 2

57 (17.2)

9 (36.0)

 

7 (25.0)

 

Body mass index (n, %)

 

0.042*

 

0.052

 Underweight

20 (6.0)

1 (4.0)

 

0 (0.0)

 

 Normal

170 (51.2)

6 (24.0)

 

10 (35.7)

 

 Overweight

80 (24.1)

10 (40.0)

 

12 (42.9)

 

 Obese

62 (18.7)

8 (32.0)

 

6 (21.4)

 

Waist circumference (n, %)

 

0.155

 

0.543

 Normal

189 (56.9)

19 (76.0)

 

13 (46.4)

 

 Overweight

52 (15.7)

2 (8.0)

 

5 (17.9)

 

 Obese

91 (27.4)

4 (16.0)

 

10 (35.7)

 

Waist-to-hip ratio (n, %)

 

0.025*

 

0.221

 Normal

210 (63.3)

22 (88.0)

 

15 (53.6)

 

 Overweight

41 (12.3)

1 (4.0)

 

7 (25.0)

 

 Obese

81 (24.4)

2 (8.0)

 

6 (21.4)

 

Education (n, %)

  

0.154

 

0.087

 No formal education

19 (5.7)

4 (16.0)

 

3 (10.7)

 

 Primary

78 (23.5)

7 (28.0)

 

11 (39.3)

 

 Secondary or higher

235 (70.8)

14 (56.0)

 

14 (50.0)

 

Occupation (n, %)

  

0.596

 

0.069

 Student/unemployed

129 (38.9)

10 (40.0)

 

14 (50.0)

 

 Self-employed

49 (14.8)

2 (8.0)

 

7 (25.0)

 

 Salaried job

154 (46.4)

13 (52.0)

 

7 (25.0)

 

Household income (SDE) (n, %)

 

0.977

 

0.065

  < 999

87 (26.2)

7 (28.0)

 

13 (46.4)

 

 1000–2999

147 (44.3)

11 (44.0)

 

8 (28.6)

 

  ≥ 3000

98 (29.5)

7 (28.0)

 

7 (25.0)

 

Wealth index (n, %)

  

0.480

 

0.003*

 Poorest

58 (17.5)

6 (24.0)

 

11 (39.3)

 

 Second

72 (21.7)

2 (8.0)

 

5 (17.9)

 

 Middle

64 (19.3)

6 (24.0)

 

0 (0.0)

 

 Fourth

64 (19.3)

5 (20.0)

 

5 (17.9)

 

 Richest

74 (22.3)

6 (24.0)

 

7 (25.0)

 
  1. aAGM, abnormal glucose metabolism; bNGM, normal glucose metabolism; ccontains 3 (10.7%) previously diagnosed cases; dincludes single, widow, staying with partner;
  2. eincludes married, staying with partner; n, number; *chi-square statistic significant at p < 0.05
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