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Table 4 Generalized linear mixed effect modelb for associated factors with daytime dysfunction in school life

From: Impact of sleep problems on daytime function in school life: a cross-sectional study involving Japanese university students

 

Absence

Tardiness

Falling asleep during class

Interference with academic achievement

Often, sometimes (n = 204) / None(n = 822)

Often, sometimes (n = 296) / None(n = 727)

Often, sometimes (n = 841) / None(n = 179)

Yes (n = 241) / No(n = 751)

Explanatory variables

Crude OR (95%CI)

aORa (95%CI)

Crude OR (95%CI)

aORa (95%CI)

Crude OR (95%CI)

aORa (95%CI)

Crude OR (95%CI)

aORa (95%CI)

Sex (Female)

0.5 (0.4–0.6)**

0.6 (0.5–0.7)**

0.6 (0.5–0.7)**

0.9 (0.8–1.1)

2.1 (1.8–2.4)**

2.1 (1.7–2.6)**

1.1 (0.9–1.3)

1.3 (1.0–1.6)*

Class start time (h)

1.1 (1.0–1.2)

1.1 (1.0–1.2)*

1.2 (1.1–1.3)**

1.1 (0.9–1.2)

1.0 (0.9–1.1)

1.0 (0.9–1.1)

0.9 (0.8–0.9)*

0.8 (0.8–0.9)*

Class closing time (h)

1.0 (0.9–1.1)

1.0 (0.9–1.0)

0.9 (0.9–0.9)*

0.9 (0.8–0.9)**

1.1 (1.0–1.1)*

1.0 (0.9–1.1)

1.1 (1.1–1.2)**

1.0 (0.9–1.1)

Living alone

1.9 (1.7–2.2)*

1.5 (1.2–1.8)**

2.2 (1.9–2.5)**

1.5 (1.3–1.8)**

0.8 (0.7–0.9)*

1.3 (1.0–1.6)*

1.2 (1.1–1.4)*

1.4 (1.1–1.6)*

Commute time (h)

0.7 (0.6–0.8)**

0.9 (0.8–1.1)

0.6 (0.6–0.7)**

0.8 (0.7–0.9)*

1.5 (1.3–1.7)**

1.7 (1.4–2.0)**

1.1 (0.9–1.2)

1.3 (1.1–1.5)*

Club activities

0.7 (0.6–0.8)**

0.4 (0.4–0.5)**

1.2 (1.1–1.4)*

0.9 (0.7–1.1)

1.0 (0.9–1.2)

1.2 (1.0–1.5)

1.0 (0.8–1.1)

0.9 (0.8–1.1)

Part-time job

1.7 (1.4–1.9)**

1.9 (1.6–2.2)**

1.8 (1.6–2.1)**

2.1 (1.8–2.5)**

2.4 (2.1–2.8)**

2.2 (1.8–2.5)**

1.4 (1.3–1.7)**

1.3 (1.1–1.5)*

Exercise habit

1.4 (1.2–1.6)**

1.5 (1.3–1.8)**

1.4 (1.2–1.6)**

1.3 (1.1–1.5)*

0.8 (0.7–0.9)**

0.8 (0.7–0.9)*

1.0 (0.9–1.1)

1.3 (1.1–1.5)*

Alcohol consumption

1.5 (1.3–1.7)**

1.4 (1.1–1.7)*

1.4 (1.2–1.6)**

1.2 (1.0–1.4)*

1.4 (1.2–1.6)**

1.6 (1.3–2.0)**

1.5 (1.3–1.7)**

1.0 (0.8–1.1)

Smoking habit

2.3 (1.8–3.0)**

1.7 (1.2–2.3)*

1.9 (1.5–2.4)**

1.5 (1.1–1.9)*

0.7 (0.5–0.9)*

0.5 (0.4–0.8)**

1.5 (1.1–1.9)*

1.2 (0.9–1.6)

Poor health

1.2 (1.0–1.4)*

1.2 (0.9–1.4)

1.4 (1.2–1.6)**

1.6 (1.3–1.8)**

1.2 (1.0–1.4)*

1.1 (0.9–1.3)

2.4 (2.1–2.8)**

1.9 (1.6–2.2)**

Stress

1.2 (1.0–1.3)*

1.1 (0.9–1.3)

1.3 (1.2–1.5)**

1.3 (1.1–1.5)*

1.2 (1.0–1.4)*

1.1 (0.9–1.3)

2.5 (2.2–2.8)**

1.9 (1.6–2.2)**

Sleep medication

3.6 (1.9–6.6)**

5.0 (2.6–9.7)**

0.7 (0.3–1.5)

0.8 (0.4–1.8)

1.3 (0.6–3.5)

1.4 (0.6–3.4)

1.9 (0.9–3.4)

2.0 (1.0–4.0)*

Insomnia

1.2 (1.0–1.4)*

1.1 (0.9–1.3)

0.9 (0.8–1.0)

0.8 (0.7–0.9)*

1.6 (1.3–1.9)**

1.6 (1.4–2.0)**

1.4 (1.2–1.6)**

1.1 (0.9–1.3)

BIISS

0.9 (0.6–1.3)

1.1 (0.7–1.7)

1.1 (0.8–1.6)

1.5 (1.1–2.2)*

1.1 (0.7–1.7)

0.7 (0.5–1.1)

2.0 (1.4–2.7)*

1.9 (1.3–2.6)**

DSWP

3.5 (2.4–5.1)*

3.4 (2.2–5.1)**

3.5 (2.4–5.0)**

2.7 (1.8–4.1)**

1.8 (1.0–3.4)*

2.6 (1.4–4.8)*

1.9 (1.3–2.8)*

2.6 (1.7–3.9)**

BIISS+DSWP

3.9 (3.0–5.0)*

4.2 (3.2–5.6)**

2.1 (1.6–2.7)**

2.2 (1.6–2.8)**

9.6 (4.6–24.3)*

7.6 (3.3–17.2)**

2.6 (2.0–3.3)**

2.1 (1.6–2.8)**

Random Effects

Variance

Variance

Variance

Variance

 University n = 8

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.1

 Grade n = 4

0.1

0.0

0.1

0.2

Observation

5170 (2)

Conditional R2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

  1. BIISS Behaviorally induced insufficient sleep syndrome, DSWP Delayed sleep-wake phase
  2. OR Odds ratio, CI Confidencial interval, aOR Adjusted odds ratio
  3. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.001
  4. aaOR indicated OR adjusted for all other explanatory variables
  5. bMultiple imputation by chained equations with a five-imputation dataset was performed for missing data
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