Impact of sleep problems on daytime function in school life: a cross-sectional study involving Japanese university students

Kayaba, Momoko; Matsushita, Toshiko; Enomoto, Minori; Kanai, Chieko; Katayama, Noriko; Inoue, Yuichi; Sasai-Sakuma, Taeko

doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08483-1

Table 4 Generalized linear mixed effect model^b for associated factors with daytime dysfunction in school life

From: Impact of sleep problems on daytime function in school life: a cross-sectional study involving Japanese university students

	Absence		Tardiness		Falling asleep during class		Interference with academic achievement
	Often, sometimes (n = 204) / None(n = 822)		Often, sometimes (n = 296) / None(n = 727)		Often, sometimes (n = 841) / None(n = 179)		Yes (n = 241) / No(n = 751)
Explanatory variables	Crude OR (95%CI)	aOR^a (95%CI)	Crude OR (95%CI)	aOR^a (95%CI)	Crude OR (95%CI)	aOR^a (95%CI)	Crude OR (95%CI)	aOR^a (95%CI)
Sex (Female)	0.5 (0.4–0.6)^**	0.6 (0.5–0.7)^**	0.6 (0.5–0.7)^**	0.9 (0.8–1.1)	2.1 (1.8–2.4)^**	2.1 (1.7–2.6)^**	1.1 (0.9–1.3)	1.3 (1.0–1.6)^*
Class start time (h)	1.1 (1.0–1.2)	1.1 (1.0–1.2)^*	1.2 (1.1–1.3)^**	1.1 (0.9–1.2)	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	0.9 (0.8–0.9)^*	0.8 (0.8–0.9)^*
Class closing time (h)	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	1.0 (0.9–1.0)	0.9 (0.9–0.9)*	0.9 (0.8–0.9)^**	1.1 (1.0–1.1)^*	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	1.1 (1.1–1.2)^**	1.0 (0.9–1.1)
Living alone	1.9 (1.7–2.2)^*	1.5 (1.2–1.8)^**	2.2 (1.9–2.5)^**	1.5 (1.3–1.8)^**	0.8 (0.7–0.9)^*	1.3 (1.0–1.6)^*	1.2 (1.1–1.4)^*	1.4 (1.1–1.6)^*
Commute time (h)	0.7 (0.6–0.8)^**	0.9 (0.8–1.1)	0.6 (0.6–0.7)^**	0.8 (0.7–0.9)^*	1.5 (1.3–1.7)^**	1.7 (1.4–2.0)^**	1.1 (0.9–1.2)	1.3 (1.1–1.5)^*
Club activities	0.7 (0.6–0.8)^**	0.4 (0.4–0.5)^**	1.2 (1.1–1.4)^*	0.9 (0.7–1.1)	1.0 (0.9–1.2)	1.2 (1.0–1.5)	1.0 (0.8–1.1)	0.9 (0.8–1.1)
Part-time job	1.7 (1.4–1.9)^**	1.9 (1.6–2.2)^**	1.8 (1.6–2.1)^**	2.1 (1.8–2.5)^**	2.4 (2.1–2.8)^**	2.2 (1.8–2.5)^**	1.4 (1.3–1.7)^**	1.3 (1.1–1.5)^*
Exercise habit	1.4 (1.2–1.6)^**	1.5 (1.3–1.8)^**	1.4 (1.2–1.6)^**	1.3 (1.1–1.5)^*	0.8 (0.7–0.9)^**	0.8 (0.7–0.9)^*	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	1.3 (1.1–1.5)^*
Alcohol consumption	1.5 (1.3–1.7)^**	1.4 (1.1–1.7)^*	1.4 (1.2–1.6)^**	1.2 (1.0–1.4)^*	1.4 (1.2–1.6)^**	1.6 (1.3–2.0)^**	1.5 (1.3–1.7)^**	1.0 (0.8–1.1)
Smoking habit	2.3 (1.8–3.0)^**	1.7 (1.2–2.3)^*	1.9 (1.5–2.4)^**	1.5 (1.1–1.9)^*	0.7 (0.5–0.9)^*	0.5 (0.4–0.8)^**	1.5 (1.1–1.9)^*	1.2 (0.9–1.6)
Poor health	1.2 (1.0–1.4)^*	1.2 (0.9–1.4)	1.4 (1.2–1.6)^**	1.6 (1.3–1.8)^**	1.2 (1.0–1.4)^*	1.1 (0.9–1.3)	2.4 (2.1–2.8)^**	1.9 (1.6–2.2)^**
Stress	1.2 (1.0–1.3)^*	1.1 (0.9–1.3)	1.3 (1.2–1.5)^**	1.3 (1.1–1.5)^*	1.2 (1.0–1.4)^*	1.1 (0.9–1.3)	2.5 (2.2–2.8)^**	1.9 (1.6–2.2)^**
Sleep medication	3.6 (1.9–6.6)^**	5.0 (2.6–9.7)^**	0.7 (0.3–1.5)	0.8 (0.4–1.8)	1.3 (0.6–3.5)	1.4 (0.6–3.4)	1.9 (0.9–3.4)	2.0 (1.0–4.0)^*
Insomnia	1.2 (1.0–1.4)^*	1.1 (0.9–1.3)	0.9 (0.8–1.0)	0.8 (0.7–0.9)^*	1.6 (1.3–1.9)^**	1.6 (1.4–2.0)^**	1.4 (1.2–1.6)^**	1.1 (0.9–1.3)
BIISS	0.9 (0.6–1.3)	1.1 (0.7–1.7)	1.1 (0.8–1.6)	1.5 (1.1–2.2)^*	1.1 (0.7–1.7)	0.7 (0.5–1.1)	2.0 (1.4–2.7)^*	1.9 (1.3–2.6)^**
DSWP	3.5 (2.4–5.1)^*	3.4 (2.2–5.1)^**	3.5 (2.4–5.0)^**	2.7 (1.8–4.1)^**	1.8 (1.0–3.4)^*	2.6 (1.4–4.8)^*	1.9 (1.3–2.8)^*	2.6 (1.7–3.9)^**
BIISS+DSWP	3.9 (3.0–5.0)^*	4.2 (3.2–5.6)^**	2.1 (1.6–2.7)^**	2.2 (1.6–2.8)^**	9.6 (4.6–24.3)^*	7.6 (3.3–17.2)^**	2.6 (2.0–3.3)^**	2.1 (1.6–2.8)^**
Random Effects	Variance		Variance		Variance		Variance
University n = 8	0.3		0.2		0.1		0.1
Grade n = 4	0.1		0.0		0.1		0.2
Observation	5170 ⁽²⁾
Conditional R²	0.2		0.2		0.2		0.2

BIISS Behaviorally induced insufficient sleep syndrome, DSWP Delayed sleep-wake phase
OR Odds ratio, CI Confidencial interval, aOR Adjusted odds ratio
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.001
^aaOR indicated OR adjusted for all other explanatory variables
^bMultiple imputation by chained equations with a five-imputation dataset was performed for missing data

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