|
Absence
|
Tardiness
|
Falling asleep during class
|
Interference with academic achievement
|
---|
Often, sometimes (n = 204) / None(n = 822)
|
Often, sometimes (n = 296) / None(n = 727)
|
Often, sometimes (n = 841) / None(n = 179)
|
Yes (n = 241) / No(n = 751)
|
---|
Explanatory variables
|
Crude OR (95%CI)
|
aORa (95%CI)
|
Crude OR (95%CI)
|
aORa (95%CI)
|
Crude OR (95%CI)
|
aORa (95%CI)
|
Crude OR (95%CI)
|
aORa (95%CI)
|
Sex (Female)
|
0.5 (0.4–0.6)**
|
0.6 (0.5–0.7)**
|
0.6 (0.5–0.7)**
|
0.9 (0.8–1.1)
|
2.1 (1.8–2.4)**
|
2.1 (1.7–2.6)**
|
1.1 (0.9–1.3)
|
1.3 (1.0–1.6)*
|
Class start time (h)
|
1.1 (1.0–1.2)
|
1.1 (1.0–1.2)*
|
1.2 (1.1–1.3)**
|
1.1 (0.9–1.2)
|
1.0 (0.9–1.1)
|
1.0 (0.9–1.1)
|
0.9 (0.8–0.9)*
|
0.8 (0.8–0.9)*
|
Class closing time (h)
|
1.0 (0.9–1.1)
|
1.0 (0.9–1.0)
|
0.9 (0.9–0.9)*
|
0.9 (0.8–0.9)**
|
1.1 (1.0–1.1)*
|
1.0 (0.9–1.1)
|
1.1 (1.1–1.2)**
|
1.0 (0.9–1.1)
|
Living alone
|
1.9 (1.7–2.2)*
|
1.5 (1.2–1.8)**
|
2.2 (1.9–2.5)**
|
1.5 (1.3–1.8)**
|
0.8 (0.7–0.9)*
|
1.3 (1.0–1.6)*
|
1.2 (1.1–1.4)*
|
1.4 (1.1–1.6)*
|
Commute time (h)
|
0.7 (0.6–0.8)**
|
0.9 (0.8–1.1)
|
0.6 (0.6–0.7)**
|
0.8 (0.7–0.9)*
|
1.5 (1.3–1.7)**
|
1.7 (1.4–2.0)**
|
1.1 (0.9–1.2)
|
1.3 (1.1–1.5)*
|
Club activities
|
0.7 (0.6–0.8)**
|
0.4 (0.4–0.5)**
|
1.2 (1.1–1.4)*
|
0.9 (0.7–1.1)
|
1.0 (0.9–1.2)
|
1.2 (1.0–1.5)
|
1.0 (0.8–1.1)
|
0.9 (0.8–1.1)
|
Part-time job
|
1.7 (1.4–1.9)**
|
1.9 (1.6–2.2)**
|
1.8 (1.6–2.1)**
|
2.1 (1.8–2.5)**
|
2.4 (2.1–2.8)**
|
2.2 (1.8–2.5)**
|
1.4 (1.3–1.7)**
|
1.3 (1.1–1.5)*
|
Exercise habit
|
1.4 (1.2–1.6)**
|
1.5 (1.3–1.8)**
|
1.4 (1.2–1.6)**
|
1.3 (1.1–1.5)*
|
0.8 (0.7–0.9)**
|
0.8 (0.7–0.9)*
|
1.0 (0.9–1.1)
|
1.3 (1.1–1.5)*
|
Alcohol consumption
|
1.5 (1.3–1.7)**
|
1.4 (1.1–1.7)*
|
1.4 (1.2–1.6)**
|
1.2 (1.0–1.4)*
|
1.4 (1.2–1.6)**
|
1.6 (1.3–2.0)**
|
1.5 (1.3–1.7)**
|
1.0 (0.8–1.1)
|
Smoking habit
|
2.3 (1.8–3.0)**
|
1.7 (1.2–2.3)*
|
1.9 (1.5–2.4)**
|
1.5 (1.1–1.9)*
|
0.7 (0.5–0.9)*
|
0.5 (0.4–0.8)**
|
1.5 (1.1–1.9)*
|
1.2 (0.9–1.6)
|
Poor health
|
1.2 (1.0–1.4)*
|
1.2 (0.9–1.4)
|
1.4 (1.2–1.6)**
|
1.6 (1.3–1.8)**
|
1.2 (1.0–1.4)*
|
1.1 (0.9–1.3)
|
2.4 (2.1–2.8)**
|
1.9 (1.6–2.2)**
|
Stress
|
1.2 (1.0–1.3)*
|
1.1 (0.9–1.3)
|
1.3 (1.2–1.5)**
|
1.3 (1.1–1.5)*
|
1.2 (1.0–1.4)*
|
1.1 (0.9–1.3)
|
2.5 (2.2–2.8)**
|
1.9 (1.6–2.2)**
|
Sleep medication
|
3.6 (1.9–6.6)**
|
5.0 (2.6–9.7)**
|
0.7 (0.3–1.5)
|
0.8 (0.4–1.8)
|
1.3 (0.6–3.5)
|
1.4 (0.6–3.4)
|
1.9 (0.9–3.4)
|
2.0 (1.0–4.0)*
|
Insomnia
|
1.2 (1.0–1.4)*
|
1.1 (0.9–1.3)
|
0.9 (0.8–1.0)
|
0.8 (0.7–0.9)*
|
1.6 (1.3–1.9)**
|
1.6 (1.4–2.0)**
|
1.4 (1.2–1.6)**
|
1.1 (0.9–1.3)
|
BIISS
|
0.9 (0.6–1.3)
|
1.1 (0.7–1.7)
|
1.1 (0.8–1.6)
|
1.5 (1.1–2.2)*
|
1.1 (0.7–1.7)
|
0.7 (0.5–1.1)
|
2.0 (1.4–2.7)*
|
1.9 (1.3–2.6)**
|
DSWP
|
3.5 (2.4–5.1)*
|
3.4 (2.2–5.1)**
|
3.5 (2.4–5.0)**
|
2.7 (1.8–4.1)**
|
1.8 (1.0–3.4)*
|
2.6 (1.4–4.8)*
|
1.9 (1.3–2.8)*
|
2.6 (1.7–3.9)**
|
BIISS+DSWP
|
3.9 (3.0–5.0)*
|
4.2 (3.2–5.6)**
|
2.1 (1.6–2.7)**
|
2.2 (1.6–2.8)**
|
9.6 (4.6–24.3)*
|
7.6 (3.3–17.2)**
|
2.6 (2.0–3.3)**
|
2.1 (1.6–2.8)**
|
Random Effects
|
Variance
|
Variance
|
Variance
|
Variance
|
University n = 8
|
0.3
|
0.2
|
0.1
|
0.1
|
Grade n = 4
|
0.1
|
0.0
|
0.1
|
0.2
|
Observation
|
5170 (2)
|
Conditional R2
|
0.2
|
0.2
|
0.2
|
0.2
|
- BIISS Behaviorally induced insufficient sleep syndrome, DSWP Delayed sleep-wake phase
- OR Odds ratio, CI Confidencial interval, aOR Adjusted odds ratio
- * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.001
- aaOR indicated OR adjusted for all other explanatory variables
- bMultiple imputation by chained equations with a five-imputation dataset was performed for missing data