Table 2 Distribution of individual, familial and school/social factors by type-role categories of bullying
Variables | Total | Traditional bullying | Cyberbullying | Combined bullying | Involved in any types of bullying | Uninvolved | P-valuea | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Victims | Bullies/bully-victims | Victims | Bullies/bully-victims | Victims | Bullies/bully-victims | |||||
(N = 2028) | (N = 122) | (N = 147) | (N = 136) | (N = 65) | (N = 58) | (N = 133) | (N = 661) | (N = 1367) | ||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Individual factors | ||||||||||
 Age | ||||||||||
  14–16 | 1290 (63.6) | 82 (67.2) | 105 (71.4) | 89 (65.4) | 38 (58.5) | 34 (58.6) | 81 (60.9) | 429 (64.9) | 861 (63.0) | 0.446 |
  17–20 | 731 (36.0) | 40 (32.8) | 42 (28.6) | 46 (33.8) | 27 (41.5) | 24 (41.4) | 52 (39.1) | 231 (34.9) | 500 (36.6) |  |
  Missing | 7 (0.4) |  |  | 1 (0.7) |  |  |  | 1 (0.2) | 6 (0.4) |  |
 Gender |  | |||||||||
  Male | 979 (48.3) | 61 (50.0) | 101 (68.7) | 53 (39.0) | 37 (56.9) | 17 (29.3) | 77 (57.9) | 346 (52.3) | 633 (46.3) | 0.012 |
  Female | 1043 (51.4) | 61 (50.0) | 45 (30.6) | 83 (61.0) | 28 (43.1) | 41 (70.7) | 56 (42.1) | 314 (47.5) | 729 (53.3) |  |
  Missing | 6 (0.3) |  | 1 (0.7) |  |  |  |  | 1 (0.2) | 5 (0.4) |  |
 Academic level |  | |||||||||
  Above average | 875 (43.1) | 49 (40.2) | 74 (50.3) | 53 (39.0) | 26 (40.0) | 25 (43.1) | 50 (37.6) | 277 (41.9) | 598 (43.7) | 0.425 |
  Average or below | 1152 (56.8) | 73 (59.8) | 73 (49.7) | 83 (61.0) | 39 (60.0) | 33 (56.9) | 83 (62.4) | 384 (58.1) | 768 (56.2) |  |
  Missing | 1 (0.1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 (0.1) |  |
 Internet usage time per day | ||||||||||
   < 3 h | 1135 (56.0) | 66 (54.1) | 79 (53.7) | 72 (52.9) | 28 (43.1) | 34 (58.6) | 57 (42.9) | 336 (50.8) | 799 (58.4) | 0.001 |
   ≥ 3 h | 882 (43.5) | 55 (45.1) | 68 (46.3) | 64 (47.1) | 37 (56.9) | 24 (41.4) | 75 (56.4) | 323 (48.9) | 559 (40.9) |  |
  Missing | 11 (0.5) | 1 (0.8) |  |  |  |  | 1 (0.8) | 2 (0.3) | 9 (0.7) |  |
 Internet addiction | ||||||||||
  No addiction | 881 (43.4) | 51 (41.8) | 55 (37.4) | 55 (40.4) | 27 (41.5) | 13 (22.4) | 33 (24.8) | 234 (35.4) | 647 (47.3) | < 0.001 |
  Addiction | 1147 (56.6) | 71 (58.2) | 92 (62.6) | 81 (59.6) | 38 (58.5) | 45 (77.6) | 100 (75.2) | 427 (64.6) | 720 (52.7) |  |
 Smoking (past 30 days) | ||||||||||
  No | 1939 (95.6) | 117 (95.9) | 135 (91.8) | 133 (97.8) | 59 (90.8) | 57 (98.3) | 113 (85.0) | 614 (92.9) | 1325 (96.9) | < 0.001 |
  Yes | 85 (4.2) | 4 (3.3) | 12 (8.2) | 3 (2.2) | 6 (9.2) | 0 (0.0) | 19 (14.3) | 44 (6.7) | 41 (3.0) |  |
  Missing | 4 (0.2) | 1 (0.8) |  |  |  | 1 (1.7) | 1 (0.8) | 3 (0.5) | 1 (0.1) |  |
 Alcohol use (past 30 days) | ||||||||||
  No | 1510 (74.5) | 98 (80.3) | 92 (62.6) | 93 (68.4) | 42 (64.6) | 41 (70.7) | 69 (51.9) | 435 (65.8) | 1075 (78.6) | < 0.001 |
  Yes | 513 (25.3) | 23 (18.9) | 55 (37.4) | 43 (31.6) | 23 (35.4) | 17 (29.3) | 64 (48.1) | 225 (34.0) | 288 (21.1) |  |
  Missing | 5 (0.3) | 1 (0.8) |  |  |  |  |  | 1 (0.2) | 4 (0.3) |  |
 Self-esteem | ||||||||||
  Low (< 15) | 1504 (74.2) | 100 (82.0) | 111 (75.5) | 103 (75.7) | 50 (76.9) | 46 (79.3) | 101 (75.9) | 511 (77.3) | 993 (72.6) | 0.009 |
  Moderate to high (≥15) | 493 (24.3) | 21 (17.2) | 30 (20.4) | 32 (23.5) | 14 (21.5) | 10 (17.2) | 29 (21.8) | 136 (20.6) | 357 (26.1) |  |
  Missing | 31 (1.5) | 1 (0.8) | 6 (4.1) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (1.5) | 2 (3.5) | 3 (2.3) | 14 (2.1) | 17 (1.2) |  |
 Psychological distress | ||||||||||
  No serious distress (< 13) | 1400 (69.0) | 73 (59.8) | 84 (57.1) | 78 (57.4) | 44 (67.7) | 32 (55.2) | 67 (50.4) | 378 (57.2) | 1022 (74.8) | < 0.001 |
  Yes (≥13) | 628 (31.0) | 49 (40.2) | 63 (42.9) | 58 (42.6) | 21 (32.3) | 26 (44.8) | 66 (49.6) | 283 (42.8) | 345 (25.2) |  |
 Self-harm | ||||||||||
  No | 1895 (93.4) | 112 (91.8) | 122 (83.0) | 128 (94.1) | 60 (92.3) | 46 (79.3) | 120 (90.2) | 588 (89.0) | 1307 (95.6) | < 0.001 |
  Yes | 132 (6.5) | 10 (8.2) | 25 (17.0) | 8 (5.9) | 5 (7.7) | 12 (20.7) | 13 (9.8) | 73 (11.0) | 59 (4.3) |  |
  Missing | 1 (0.1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 (0.1) |  |
 Suicidal ideation | ||||||||||
  No | 1887 (93.0) | 106 (86.9) | 130 (88.4) | 127 (93.4) | 61 (93.8) | 49 (84.5) | 111 (83.5) | 584 (88.4) | 1303 (95.3) | < 0.001 |
  Yes | 141 (7.0) | 16 (13.1) | 17 (11.6) | 9 (6.6) | 4 (6.2) | 9 (15.5) | 22 (16.5) | 77 (11.6) | 64 (4.7) |  |
Family factors | ||||||||||
 Living situation | ||||||||||
  Both parents | 1668 (82.2) | 99 (81.1) | 119 (81.0) | 104 (76.5) | 49 (75.4) | 48 (82.8) | 109 (82.0) | 528 (79.9) | 1140 (83.4) | 0.092 |
  Single parent | 310 (15.3) | 22 (18.0) | 25 (17.0) | 27 (19.9) | 14 (21.5) | 7 (12.1) | 17 (12.8) | 112 (16.9) | 198 (14.5) |  |
  With others | 49 (2.4) | 1 (0.8) | 3 (2.0) | 5 (3.7) | 2 (3.1) | 3 (5.2) | 7 (5.3) | 21 (3.2) | 28 (2.1) |  |
  Missing | 1 (0.1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1 (0.1) |  |
 Parental internet supervision | ||||||||||
  No | 699 (34.5) | 42 (34.4) | 51 (34.7) | 43 (31.6) | 28 (43.1) | 15 (25.9) | 52 (39.1) | 231 (34.9) | 468 (34.2) | 0.785 |
  Yes | 1319 (65.0) | 79 (64.8) | 96 (65.3) | 93 (68.4) | 37 (56.9) | 43 (74.1) | 80 (60.2) | 428 (64.8) | 891 (65.2) |  |
  Missing | 10 (0.5) | 1 (0.8) |  |  |  |  | 1 (0.8) | 2 (0.3) | 8 (0.6) |  |
 Dinner days with family per week | ||||||||||
  0–4 times | 1078 (53.2) | 65 (53.3) | 84 (57.1) | 78 (57.4) | 42 (64.6) | 35 (60.3) | 91 (68.4) | 395 (59.8) | 683 (50.0) | < 0.001 |
  5–7 times | 938 (46.3) | 56 (45.9) | 62 (42.2) | 58 (42.6) | 23 (35.4) | 23 (39.7) | 40 (30.1) | 262 (39.6) | 676 (49.5) |  |
  Missing | 12 (0.6) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.7) |  |  |  | 2 (1.5) | 4 (0.6) | 8 (0.6) |  |
School/social factors | ||||||||||
 Types of school | ||||||||||
  Academic | 1573 (77.6) | 94 (77.0) | 87 (59.2) | 116 (85.3) | 47 (72.3) | 51 (87.9) | 91 (68.4) | 486 (73.5) | 1087 (79.5) | 0.002 |
  Vocational | 455 (22.4) | 28 (23.0) | 60 (40.8) | 20 (14.7) | 18 (27.7) | 7 (12.1) | 42 (31.6) | 175 (26.5) | 280 (20.5) |  |
 School climate | ||||||||||
  Positive (> 32) | 1491 (73.5) | 85 (69.7) | 98 (66.7) | 99 (72.8) | 41 (63.1) | 32 (55.2) | 72 (54.1) | 427 (64.6) | 1064 (77.8) | < 0.001 |
  Negative (≤32) | 537 (26.5) | 37 (30.3) | 49 (33.3) | 37 (27.2) | 24 (36.9) | 26 (44.8) | 61 (45.9) | 234 (35.4) | 303 (22.2) |  |
 Perceived social support | ||||||||||
  Low (1–2.9) | 35 (1.7) | 4 (3.3) | 5 (3.4) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.7) | 2 (1.5) | 14 (2.1) | 21 (1.5) | 0.009 |
  Moderate (3–5) | 840 (41.4) | 53 (43.4) | 64 (43.5) | 57 (41.9) | 34 (52.3) | 32 (55.2) | 63 (47.4) | 303 (45.8) | 537 (39.3) |  |
  High (5.1–7) | 1153 (56.9) | 65 (53.3) | 78 (53.1) | 78 (57.4) | 30 (46.2) | 25 (43.1) | 68 (51.1) | 344 (52.0) | 809 (59.2) |  |