Table 1 Trend in socio-demographic characteristics of children aged 12–23 months born in the last five years of NDHS 2001,2006, 2011 and 2016
|  | 2001 (95% CI) N = 1313 | 2006 (95% CI) N = 984 | 2011 (95% CI) N = 1000 | 2016 (95% CI) N = 1034 | P-value (Chi-square test) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Place of residence | |||||
 Urban | 6.6 (5.0–8.6) | 12.3 (10.3–14.7) | 9.7 (8.2–11.5) | 54.5 (48.4–60.5) | < 0.0001 |
 Rural | 93.4 (91.4–95.0) | 87.7 (85.3–89.7) | 90.3 (88.5–91.8) | 45.5 (39.5–51.6) | |
Ecological region | |||||
 Mountain | 7.2 (5.9–8.7) | 9.9 (8.0–12.3) | 7.5 (6.3–8.9) | 7.2 (4.9,10.7) | 0.1762 |
 Hill | 43.0 (39.5–46.4) | 43.0 (38.9–47.3) | 40.2 (35.4–45.2) | 37.7 (32.2–43.5) | |
 Terai | 49.8 (46.2–53.4) | 47.0 (42.9–51.3) | 52.3 (47.0,57.6) | 55.0 (49.4–60.6) | |
Province | |||||
 Province 1 | 19.1(15.9–22.8) | 17.4 (14.1–21.2) | 20.0 (15.3–25.7) | 16.4 (13.9–19.2) | 0.1181 |
 Province 2 | 21.2(17.0–26.0) | 17.2 (13.1–22.3) | 23.9(16.9–32.5) | 25.1 (21.9–28.5) | |
 Province 3 | 15.1(12.1–18.6) | 16.7 (12.9–18.1) | 13.5 (10.3–17.6) | 16.3 (12.8–20.5) | |
 Province 4 | 8.2(5.6–11.7) | 12.4(8.4–18.1) | 10.6 (6.8–16.2) | 9.1 (7.6–10.7) | |
 Province 5 | 16.1(12.0–21.3) | 14.4(11.3–18.1) | 15.0(11.0–20.1) | 19.0 (16.0–22.3) | |
 Province 6 | 9.7(6.6,14.0) | 6.6 (4.2,10.3) | 6.9 (4.7,10.0) | 6.1 (5.1,7.3) | |
 Province 7 | 10.7(8.8,13.0) | 15.3 (11.8,19.5) | 10.1 (8.3,12.2) | 8.2 (6.7,9.9) | |
Sex of child | |||||
 Male | 48.1(45.2,51.0) | 52.3 (48.8,55.8) | 50.1 (46.4,53.8) | 55.8 (52.5,59.1) | 0.0080 |
 Female | 51.9(49.0,54.8) | 47.7 (44.2,51.2) | 49.9 (46.2,53.6) | 44.2 (40.9,47.5) | |
Educational level of mother | |||||
 No education | 71.0 (67.2–74.4) | 56.3(51.7–60.7) | 45.2 (39.4–51.2) | 31.1 (27.2–35.2) | < 0.0001 |
 Primary | 14.6 (12.6–16.8) | 18.9(15.9–22.4) | 20.0 (16.6–23.8) | 20.5 (17.6–23.8) | |
 Secondary | 10.1 (8.2–12.3) | 18.2(15.2–21.6) | 21.1 (17.4–25.3) | 25.8 (22.4–29.5) | |
 Higher | 4.4 (3.2–6.0) | 6.6(4.7–9.2) | 13.7 (11.0–16.9) | 22.6 (19.0–26.7) | |
Wealth quintile | |||||
 Poorest | 26.1 (22.7–29.9) | 25.8(21.6–30.6) | 24.8 (20.8–29.1) | 20.8 (17.2–24.8) | 0.4163 |
 Poorer | 22.5 (19.7–25.6) | 20.2(16.7–24.3) | 22.7(19.0–26.8) | 22.1 (19.0–25.6) | |
 Middle | 19.3 (16.4–22.6) | 20.8(17.2–25.0) | 21.7(17.6–26.6) | 22.9 (19.8–26.4) | |
 Richer | 17.3 (14.8–20.2) | 17.2(13.7–21.3) | 18.3 (15.2–21.8) | 21.8 (18.5–25.6) | |
 Richest | 14.7 (11.8–18.3) | 15.9(12.6–19.9) | 12.6 (9.4–16.6) | 12.4 (9.7–15.7) | |
Caste/Ethnicity | |||||
 Brahamin/Chhetri | 29.2 (25.1–33.8) | 32.3(27.7–37.3) | 26.7 (22.2–31.7) | 25.8 (22.1–29.8) | 0.1749 |
 Terai/Madhesi other | 15.6 (12.1–19.9) | 8.6(6.0–12.1) | 11.1 (7.2–16.8) | 20.2 (16.2–24.9) | |
 Dalits | 14.3 (11.2–18.0) | 15.0(11.7–18.9) | 16.9 (12.8–21.9) | 15.5 (12.5–19.0) | |
 Janajati/Newar | 34.8 (29.6–40.3) | 37.5(31.7–43.7) | 36.2 (29.2–43.7) | 30.9 (26.5–35.6) | |
 Muslim/Other1 | 6.1 (3.2–11.2) | 6.6(3.3–12.7) | 9.1 (3.8–20.4) | 7.6 (5.0–11.5) | |