Table 3 Characteristics of analytical studies of associations of mental disorders and neurotropic parasitic diseases
Reference | Continent | Subjects type | Original disease | Associated disease | Study Design | Positive (n) | Total (N) | OR | Diagnostic method | F/M | Age (case / control) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Daryani et al. [49] Trop Biomed, 2010 | Asia | Non-hospitalised | Schizophrenia | T. gondii infection | Case - Control | 28 25 | 80 99 | – | ELISA “IgG & IgM” (Germany) ELISA reader (USA) | – | 32.95 ± 10.05 33.76 ± 10.50 |
Alipour et al. [45] Iran J Parasitol, 2011 | Asia | Hospitalised | Schizophrenia | T. gondii infection | Case - Control | 42 23 | 62 62 | – | IFA and ELISA “IgG” (Denmark) ELISA reader (BioTek, USA) | 59/65 | 37.54 ± 9.75 37.24 ± 10.24 |
Karabulut et al. [56] J Chin Med Assoc, 2015 | Asia | Hospitalised | Schizophrenia | T. gondii infection | Case - Control | – | 85 60 | 1008 | ELISA Kits (Spain) Triturus system (Spain) | 60/85 | 41.73 ± 12.07 40.45 ± 9.49 |
Khademvatan et al. [58] Jundishapur J Microbiol, 2014 | Asia | Non-hospitalised | Schizophrenia | T. gondii infection | Case - Control | 34 53 | 100 200 | – | ELISA “IgG (USA) | 139/161 | 36.39 ± 10.28 25.04 |
Hamidinejat et al. [53] Int J Infect Dis, 2010 | Asia | Hospitalised | Schizophrenia | T. gondii infection | Case - Control | – | 98 94 | 2,99 | ELISA kits “IgG and M” (USA) | – | 33 (Case & Control) |
Tamer et al. [62] Adv Ther, 2008 | Asia | Hospitalised | Schizophrenia | T. gondii infection | Case - Control | 16 5 | 40 37 | – | ELISA (Germany) | – | Cas: 33 Control: – |
Alvarado-Esquivel et al. [47] Parasitol Int, 2011 | America | Hospitalised | Schizophrenia | T. gondii infection | Case - Control | – | 50 150 | 4,44 | EIA kit “Ig G & M” (USA) | – | 45.12 ± 11.5 45.1 ± 11.4 |
Cetinkaya et al. [48] Schizophr Bull, 2007 | Asia | Non-hospitalised | Schizophrenia | T. gondii infection | Case - Control | 66 33 | 100 100 | – | ELISA kit “Ig G” (France) | 103/97 | 37.25 ± 11.51 37.3 ± 5.78 |
Omar et al. [60] Korean J Parasitol, 2015 | Asia | Non-hospitalised | Schizophrenia | T. gondii infection | Case - Control | 52 10 | 101 55 | – | ELISA PCR (Qpcr) (Germany) | 74/82 | 41.1 ± 10.9 45.3 ± 14.5 |
Esshili et al. [51] Psychiatry Res, 2016 | Africa | Non-hospitalised | Schizophrenia | T. gondii infection | Case - Control | – | 246 117 | 2,54 | ELISA kit “IgG” (France) ELISA reader | 89/274 | 40.5 ± 10.2 38.6 ± 10.4 |
Juanah et al. [54] Am J Infect Dis, 2013 | Asia | Hospitalised | Schizophrenia | T. gondii infection | Case - Control | – | 88 88 | 2,01 | EIA “IgG & M” (Italy) Microtiter plate reader (DYNEX, MRX) | 66/110 | 39.42 (Case & Control) |
Kheirandish et al. [59] Arch Clin Infect Dis, 2016 | Asia | Hospitalised | Schizophrenia and bipolar disorders | Toxoplasmosis | Case - Control | 49 and 54 65 and 65 | 85 170 | – | EIA “IgG” Microplate reader (USA) | 85/150 | 37.2 (Case & Control) |
Emelia et al. [50] Trop Biomed, 2012 | Asia | Hospitalised | Schizophrenia | Toxocariasis | Case - Control | 54 49 | 144 144 | – | ELISA “Ig G” (USA) ELISA reader (SKANIT Software) | – | – |
Alvarado-Esquivel et al. [46] Int Int J Biomed Sci, 2014 | America | Hospitalised | Schizophrenia | Toxocariasis | Case - Control | 1 3 | 50 100 | – | EIA “IgG” (U.S.A.) | – | 45.12 ± 11.5 45.5 ± 13.1 |
Kaplan et al. [55] Yonsei Yonsei Med J, 2008 | Asia | Hospitalised | Schizophrenia | Toxocariasis | Case - Control | 45 2 | 98 100 | – | ELISA kit “IgG & M” (Germany) ELISA microtiter plate reader | 95/103 | 38 ± 11 35 ± 8 |
Khademvatan et al. [57] J Med Sci Faisalabad, 2013 | Asia | Hospitalised | Bipolar disorders (I) | Toxoplasma | Case - Control | – | 117 200 | 0,78 | ELISA “IgG & M” (USA) | 162/155 | 33.93 ± 11.87 33.88 ± 11.45 |