Child diet and health outcomes of the simple suppers program: a 10-week, 2-group quasi-experimental family meals trial

Table 3 Within Group Differences among Simple Suppers Intervention Children Participants (4- to 10-Years Old) in Outcomes at Baseline (T0), Post-Intervention (T1), and Follow-up (T2)

Outcomes	T0	Δ T0 to T1	P-value^e	Δ T1 to T2	P-value^e	Δ T0 to T2	P-value^e
Dietary Intake^a,b, mean (SD)
Total Fruit^c (servings/day)	1.68 (1.2)	0.03 (2.1)	0.91	0.13 (1.6)	0.28	0.16 (1.4)	0.32
Whole Fruit (servings/day)	1.15 (0.9)	0.18 (1.8)	0.43	−0.17 (1.6)	0.61	0.01 (1.1)	0.70
Total Vegetable (servings/day)	1.69 (1.4)	0.36 (1.4)	0.09	−0.37 (1.4)	0.71	−0.01 (1.3)	0.67
Sugar-Sweetened Beverages (servings/day)	0.41 (0.6)	−0.02 (0.9)	0.88	0.00 (1.0)	0.89	−0.02 (0.8)	0.80
Healthy Eating Index Total Score (0–100)	52.24 (10.5)	0.97 (16.1)	0.21	1.90 (10.8)	0.27	2.87 (10.1)	0.13
Anthropometrics and Biometrics, mean (SD)
Body Mass Index z-score	0.68 (1.1)	−0.16 (0.6)	0.03	0.06 (1.1)	0.36	−0.10 (0.9)	0.13
Waist circumference z-score	0.76 (0.9)	0.03 (0.6)	0.66	−0.15 (0.9)	0.06	−0.12 (0.7)	0.16
Systolic Blood Pressure z-score	1.41 (1.3)	−0.14 (1.6)	0.50	−0.51 (1.6)	0.04	−0.66 (1.3)	0.01
Diastolic Blood Pressure z-score	1.31 (1.4)	−0.22 (1.9)	0.27	−0.27 (1.2)	0.45	−0.49 (1.5)	0.01
Food Preparation Skill Ability^d, mean (SD)	22.03 (5.1)	4.86 (5.1)	< 0.001	0.04 (4.6)	0.93	4.90 (4.8)	< 0.001
Family Meals (meals/week), mean (SD)
Family dinner frequency	4.77 (2.1)	−0.35 (2.8)	0.26	0.19 (2.0)	0.51	−0.16 (2.1)	0.56
Family breakfast frequency	2.66 (2.3)	0.09 (3.0)	0.66	1.08 (2.4)	0.007	1.24 (2.2)	0.001
Family meal with TV	1.93 (1.9)	0.22 (2.4)	0.59	0.03 (1.9)	0.72	0.20 (1.9)	0.71
Family meals in a dining area	4.09 (2.4)	0.22 (2.4)	0.39	0.33 (2.0)	0.32	0.59 (1.8)	0.04

^aDaily intake averaged across caregiver-assisted, nonconsecutive 24-h dietary recalls collected using USDA five-step multiple-pass method
^bParticipant completion of 24-h dietary recalls at T0: 0 recalls (7%); 1 recall (68%); 2 recalls (12%); 3 recalls (13%). Participant completion of 24-h dietary recalls at T1: 0 recalls (39%); 1 recall (53%); 2 recalls (7%); 3 recalls (1%). Participant completion of 24-h dietary recalls at T2: 0 recalls (59%); 1 recall (37%); 2 recalls (4%); 3 recalls (0%)
^cTotal fruit = whole fruit + 100% fruit juice
^dThe stem statement was: “When we prepare food at home, my child is able to …”. Questions were situated on a 4-point scale (1 = Strongly Disagree (1 pt); 4 = Strongly Agree (4 pt)). A sum score was calculated (1–32)
^eWithin-group differences examined using paired t-test
All p-values that are signicant (<0.05) are bolded.

ISSN: 1471-2458