Fig. 1

Map of study area. Locations of household interviews in relation to the major protected areas (NCA = Ngorongoro Conservation Area; LMNP = Lake Manyara National Park; TNP = Tarangire National Park), Lake Manyara (LM) and district boundaries. Households in the village ‘Jangwani’ are not inside LMNP but at its border; the impression that they may be inside the national park may be due to inaccuracies of the protected area shapefile. The inset on the top right indicates the approximate location of the study area within Tanzania. Shapefiles for protected areas and district boundaries are available at: https://protectedplanet.net/country/TZ and https://gadm.org/download_country_v3.html